Cytological differences and chromosomal rearrangements in four members of the Anopheles dirus complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Baimai ◽  
A. Poopittayasataporn ◽  
U. Kijchalao
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Band Size

A reference photomap of the larval salivary gland, polytene chromosomes of the Anopheles dims complex (species A) is presented. Samples of species A, B, C, and D from natural populations in Thailand were compared to this standard map using the larval progeny of wild-caught females. All species show differences in their chromosome banding patterns involving band size, number, and shape, particularly at the free ends of the X, 2R, and 2L. These differences provide useful diagnostic characters for separating members of the species complex. However, overall banding patterns are conservative in the group: species A, B, and C are virtually homosequential. Species D is highly polymorphic for a single paracentric inversion in each of the four autosomal arms and has a fixed inversion on the X chromosome. This same X chromosome inversion occurs at low frequency in species A.Key words: Anopheles dirus, larval polytene chromosome, inversion polymorphisms.

Genetic investigations of laboratory stocks of the complex of Anopheles balabacensis Baisas (Diptera: Culicidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. K. Hii
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Distinct Population ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Anopheles Balabacensis

AbstractExamination of the polytene chromosomes and cross-breeding data confirmed the specific status of Anopheles dirusPeyton & Harrison within the complex of A. balabacensis Baisas. The data also strongly suggested that A. dirus itself is a complex of at least two species, one of which, a hitherto unrecognized species, provisionally designated A. dirus species B, previously known as the Perlis form, occurs in northern Peninsular Malaysia. A distinct population from Thailand was designated A. dirus species A. The mosquitoes studied also include material from natural populations in Sabah, here provisionally designated A. balabacensis s.s., and may represent the first genetic analysis of this species. The Sabah material is distinct from either of the A. dirus forms. Hybrid males from crosses of A. balabacensis × A. dirus species A and of A. dirus species B females × A. dirus species A males were sterile. Chromosome studies also showed that reproductive isolation was accompanied by genetic changes in both the autosomesand X chromosome in the hybrid larvae.

Chromosome polymorphism in natural populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say species A and B

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Kaiser ◽  
J. A. Seawright ◽  
B. K. Birky
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Anopheles Quadrimaculatus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Maculipennis Complex

Ovarian polytene chromosomes from eight populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus in the southeastern United States were observed for chromosomal polymorphisms. Two sibling species, species A and B, each with intraspecific inversions, were distinguished. Species A correlates with the previously published standard maps for salivary gland and ovarian nurse-cell polytene chromosomes. Species A was found at all eight collection sites, and five of these populations also contained species B. Three inversions on the right arm of chromosome 3 were observed in species A. Species B contained a fixed inversion on the X chromosome, one fixed and one floating inversion on the left arm of chromosome 2, and one fixed and one floating inversion on the right arm of chromosome 3. The fixed inversion on the X chromosome makes this the best diagnostic chromosome for distinguishing species A and B. An unusual dimorphism in the left arm of chromosome 3, found in both species A and B, contained two inversions. The heterokaryotypes, as well as two distinct homokaryotypes, were seen in all of the field populations. Intraspecific clinal variations in the frequencies of the species A inversions were noted. The Florida populations were practically devoid of inversions, the Georgia and Alabama populations contained some inversions, and the Arkansas population was mostly homozygous for two of the inversions. The phylogenetic relationships of species A and B to the Maculipennis complex (Nearctic) are discussed.Key words: Anopheles, inversion, populations, chromosome polymorphism, phylogenetics.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic study of three closely related species of Hawaiian Drosophila

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne N. Ahearn ◽  
Visut Baimai
Keyword(s):  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Fourth Chromosome ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Hawaiian Drosophila ◽  
Allopatric Species

Three allopatric species from the Hawaiian islands, Drosophila bostrycha (Molokai), D. affinidisjuncta (West Maui), and D. disjuncta (East Maui), are extremely similar in morphology but differ in metaphase chromosomes by the amount and distribution of heterochromatin. Their polytene chromosomes are virtually homosequential with only slight differences at the tip of the microchromosome. Each is polymorphic for one or more inversions, especially in chromsome 4. Salivary gland chromosomes of F1 larvae reared either from wild-caught females or wild-caught males mated to standard laboratory stocks were examined for gene arrangements. Drosophila bostrycha and D. affinidisjuncta share a polymorphism for inversion 4v, which is much more frequent in the latter than in the former. In D. disjuncta 4v has been found only joined in a haplotype with three other inversions (g2 h2 i2) at a low frequency at Kipahulu Valley. Drosophila disjuncta is unique in having another fourth chromosome inversion, 4k, which is highest in frequency at Waikamoi. A new inversion, 2s, was discovered at Uluini Stream. Interspecific hybridizations were carried out in small mass matings. Backcrosses and dissections demonstrated that all F1 females were fertile. All F1 males were sterile in either of two categories with reciprocal hybrids uniformly manifesting one or the other type. Attempts to model the sterility mechanism suggest that more than chromosomal sterility is involved. Our results are discussed in relation to other closely related clusters of species having heterochromatin-based karyotype variations. Key words: heterochromatin, hybrid sterility, inversion, polymorphism, species divergence.

Chromosomal evidence for sibling species of the malaria vector Anopheles cruzii

Genome ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corália CL Ramírez ◽  
Eliana MB Dessen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome X ◽  
Standard Pattern ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Chromosomal Form ◽  
Limited Gene Flow ◽  
Anopheles Cruzii

An analysis of the ovarian polytene chromosomes of Anopheles cruzii from three localities in Southeast Brazil revealed the existence of two genetic entities within this morphologically uniform taxon. These cryptic species differed in the banding patterns of the X chromosome and 3L arm. A pattern of bands that cannot be explained by the fixation of any of the known inversions in chromosome X was revealed and named chromosomal form B to distinguish it from the standard pattern of this X chromosome, form A. Each chromosomal form is characterized by a different set of inversions. The lack of heterozygotes (A/B) for these X chromosome forms in populations where both forms coexist is evidence of absence or limited gene flow between the two groups. Key words: Anopheles cruzii, inversion polymorphism, sibling species.

Chromosome banding in aphids: G, C, AluI, and HaeIII banding patterns in Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae)

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Manicardi ◽  
D. C. Gautam ◽  
D. Bizzaro ◽  
E. Guicciardi ◽  
A. M. Bonvicini Pagliai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Holocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Holokinetic Chromosomes ◽  
Megoura Viciae

The holocentric mitotic chromosomes of Megoura viciae, a species that has been little studied cytogenetically to date, have been characterized by applying G, C, AluI, and HaeIII banding techniques. C bands have shown the best defined patterns, particularly on the X chromosome. This chromosome, on the other hand, behaved as the most reactive to the various treatments. Uncondensed, prometaphase X chromosomes showed a number of heterochromatic bands, interspersed among the euchromatin, which fused together during metaphase condensation. AluI and HaeIII treatments also produced reproducible banding patterns. These data permit an accurate identification of the X chromosome as well as of the autosomal pairs 1 and 2, and facilitate the construction of nonambiguous karyotypes. They will also stimulate studies on the organization of chromatin in holocentric, holokinetic chromosomes. Finally they could also promote research on chromosomal rearrangements that have occurred during the course of speciation and evolution of aphids, since these kinds of events may be significantly affected by the condition of chromosomal holocentrism.Key words: aphids, holocentric chromosomes, chromosome banding, heterochromatin.

Salivary polytene chromosome mapping of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera)

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Chaudhry ◽  
Neetu ◽  
S Gupta ◽  
J S Chhilar
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Mapping ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
The Comparative Study

With the introduction of molecular taxonomy of mosquitoes, polytene chromosome maps have become indispensable as standard references for locating genes, puffs, and inversion breakpoints of unique DNA sequences. We present a line map and a photomap of the salivary polytene chromosomes of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi, an important emerging vector of malaria in India. In addition, we discuss the nature of this species complex consisting of sibling species A, B, C, and D. The comparative study is in relevance to the X chromosome heterozygous inversion differences between 2 allopatric populations of the species and the recognition of 4 X-chromosome inversion genotypes viz: species A–X+a+b, B–Xab, C–Xa+b and D–X+ab.Key words: Anopheles subpictus, polytene chromosome map.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of medfly populations in an area of sterile insect technique applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén Sancho ◽  
Ana Guillem-Amat ◽  
Elena López-Errasquín ◽  
Lucas Sánchez ◽  
Félix Ortego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Genetic Sexing ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Genetic Sexing Strains

AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) is widely used in integrated pest management programs for the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata. The genetic interactions between the released individuals from the genetic sexing strains (GSS), used for SIT applications worldwide, and wild individuals have not been studied. Under the hypothesis that a number of Vienna GSS individuals released to the field might not be completely sterile and may produce viable offspring, we have analyzed medfly Spanish field populations to evaluate the presence of Vienna strain genetic markers. To this goal, we have used contrasted nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers, and two novel sets of nuclear polymorphisms with the potential to be markers to discriminate between Vienna and wild individuals. Nuclear Vienna markers located on the 5th chromosome of Vienna males have been found in 2.2% (19 from 875) of the Spanish wild medfly females captured at the area where SIT is applied. In addition, a female-inherited mitochondrial Vienna marker has been found in two from the 19 females showing nuclear Vienna markers. The detection of several of these markers in single individuals represents evidence of the introgression of Vienna strain into natural populations. However, alternative explanations as their presence at low frequency in wild populations in the studied areas cannot be fully discarded. The undesired release of non-fully sterile irradiated GSS individuals into the field and their interactions with wild flies, and the potential environmental implications should be taken into account in the application of the SIT.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of hobo-Mediated Inversions in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-656
Author(s):  
William B Eggleston ◽  
Nac R Rim ◽  
Johng K Lim
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Inversions ◽  
Hobo Element ◽  
Reaction Amplification ◽  
Notch Locus ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract The structure of chromosomal inversions mediated by hobo transposable elements in the Uc-1 X chromosome was investigated using cytogenetic and molecular methods. Uc-1 contains a phenotypically silent hobo element inserted in an intron of the Notch locus. Cytological screening identified six independent Notch mutations resulting from chromosomal inversions with one breakpoint at cytological position 3C7, the location of Notch. In situ hybridization to salivary gland polytene chromosomes determined that both ends of each inversion contained hobo and Notch sequences. Southern blot analyses showed that both breakpoints in each inversion had hobo-Notch junction fragments indistinguishable in structure from those present in the Uc-1 X chromosome prior to the rearrangements. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 12 hobo-Notch junction fragments in the six inversions, followed by DNA sequence analysis, determined that each was identical to one of the two hobo-Notch junctions present in Uc-1. These results are consistent with a model in which hobo-mediated inversions result from homologous pairing and recombination between a pair of hobo elements in reverse orientation.

scholarly journals CHROMOSOMAL SEQUENCES AND INTERISLAND COLONIZATIONS IN HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-482
Author(s):  
Hampton L Carson
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Hawaiian Drosophila ◽  
On This Island ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Chromosomal Sequences ◽  
Founder Events ◽  
Paracentric Inversions ◽  
Single Set

ABSTRACT Of 103 picture-winged Drosophila species endemic to the high Hawaiian islands, all but three are endemic to single islands or island complexes. They are presumed to have evolved in situ on each island. The banding pattern sequences of the five major polytene chromosomes of these species have been mapped to a single set of Standard sequences. Sequential variation among these chromosomes is due to 213 paracentric inversions. An atlas of their break points is provided. Geographical, morphological and behavioral data may be used to supplement the cytological information in tracing ancestry. Starting at the newer end of the archipelago, the 26 species of the Island of Hawaii (less than 700,000 years old) are inferred to have been derived from 19 founders, 15 from the Maui complex, three from Oahu and one from Kauai. The existence of 40 Maui complex species is explicable as resulting from 12 founders, ten from Oahu and two from Kauai. The 29 Oahu species can be explained by 12 founder events, five from Kauai and seven from Maui complex (summary in Figure 5). Although the ancestry of two Kauai species can be traced to newer islands, the ten remaining ones on this island (age about 5.6 million years) are apparently ancient elements in the fauna, relating ultimately to Palearctic continental sources.

scholarly journals Hybrid dysgenesis-induced quantitative variation on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-636
Author(s):  
C Q Lai ◽  
T F Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Quantitative Variation ◽  
Hybrid Dysgenesis ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Seven Generations ◽  
Polygenic Variation

Abstract To determine the ability of the P-M hybrid dysgenesis system of Drosophila melanogaster to generate mutations affecting quantitative traits, X chromosome lines were constructed in which replicates of isogenic M and P strain X chromosomes were exposed to a dysgenic cross, a nondysgenic cross, or a control cross, and recovered in common autosomal backgrounds. Mutational heritabilities of abdominal and sternopleural bristle score were in general exceptionally high-of the same magnitude as heritabilities of these traits in natural populations. P strain chromosomes were eight times more mutable than M strain chromosomes, and dysgenic crosses three times more effective than nondysgenic crosses in inducing polygenic variation. However, mutational heritabilities of the bristle traits were appreciable for P strain chromosomes passed through one nondysgenic cross, and for M strain chromosomes backcrossed for seven generations to inbred P strain females, a result consistent with previous observations on mutations affecting quantitative traits arising from nondysgenic crosses. The new variation resulting from one generation of mutagenesis was caused by a few lines with large effects on bristle score, and all mutations reduced bristle number.

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