Direct behavioral evidence that unique bile acids released by larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) function as a migratory pheromone

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rickard Bjerselius ◽  
Weiming Li ◽  
John H Teeter ◽  
James G Seelye ◽  
Peter B Johnsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Larval Pheromone ◽  
Adult Lamprey

Four behavioral experiments conducted in both the laboratory and the field provide evidence that adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) select spawning rivers based on the odor of larvae that they contain and that bile acids released by the larvae are part of this pheromonal odor. First, when tested in a recirculating maze, migratory adult lamprey spent more time in water scented with larvae. However, when fully mature, adults lost their responsiveness to larvae and preferred instead the odor of mature individuals. Second, when tested in a flowing stream, migratory adults swam upstream more actively when the water was scented with larvae. Third, when migratory adults were tested in a laboratory maze containing still water, they exhibited enhanced swimming activity in the presence of a 0.1 nM concentration of the two unique bile acids released by larvae and detected by adult lamprey. Fourth, when adults were exposed to this bile acid mixture within flowing waters, they actively swam into it. Taken together, these data suggest that adult lamprey use a bile acid based larval pheromone to help them locate spawning rivers and that responsiveness to this cue is influenced by current flow, maturity, and time of day. Although the precise identity and function of the larval pheromone remain to be fully elucidated, we believe that this cue will ultimately prove useful as an attractant in sea lamprey control.

scholarly journals Identification of bile acids in the serum and urine in cholestasis. Evidence for 6α-hydroxylation of bile acids in man

1976 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A. Summerfield ◽  
B H. Billing ◽  
C H. L. Shackleton
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Hyodeoxycholic Acid ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Hyocholic Acid ◽  
Sulphate Conjugate

In this qualitative study of the pattern of bile acid excretion in cholestasis, methods are described for the isolation of bile acids from large volumes of urine and plasma. The bile acids were subjected to a group separation and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The techniques were developed to allow identification of the minor components of the bile acid mixture. Four bile acids that have not previously been described in human urine and plasma were detected, namely 3β, 7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, 3α, 6α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (hyodeoxycholic acid), 3α, 6α, 7α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (hyocholic acid) and 3α, 7β, 12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid. In addition three C27 steroids were found; 26-hydroxycholesterol and a trihydroxy cholestane, probably 5 β-cholestane-3α, 7α, 26-triol were found in the sulphate fraction of plasma and urine. In the plasma sample, a sulphate conjugate of 24-hydroxycholesterol was found. The presence of these compounds probably reflects the existence of further pathways for bile acid metabolism. It is not yet known whether this is a consequence of the cholestasis or whether they are also present in normal man, at much lower concentrations.

An Investigation of the Electrical "Spike" Potentials Produced by the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Water Surrounding the Head Region

1956 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kleerekoper ◽  
Kira Sibakin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Gill Opening ◽  
Adult Lamprey

In the water surrounding the head of Petromyzon marinus electric triphasic spike potentials can be recorded which recur rhythmically at 0.4-second intervals and are synchronous with the externally visible movement of respiration. At a distance of 15 to 20 mm. from the animal, above the eye region, the potentials are from 200–300 μv in an adult lamprey, in fresh water. The electric field produced by these potentials extends several centimeters frontwards of the head depending on experimental conditions and factors now being studied. Posterior to the gill openings the potentials taper off sharply and no spikes could be recorded 50–70 mm. posterior to the last gill opening. The field is symmetrical around the longitudinal axis of the animal under the experimental conditions described. Strychnine and cocaine do not affect the characteristics of the spikes but curare decreases their potential considerably, depending on amounts injected and the condition of the experimental animal. Light conditions do not affect the production of the spikes. The possible function of the electric field for the sea lamprey is discussed.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Associated With Different Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Life Stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince P. Mathai ◽  
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli ◽  
Nicholas S. Johnson ◽  
Michael J. Sadowsky
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Adult Lamprey

Sea lamprey (SL; Petromyzon marinus), one of the oldest living vertebrates, have a complex metamorphic life cycle. Following hatching, SL transition into a microphagous, sediment burrowing larval stage, and after 2–10+ years, the larvae undergo a dramatic metamorphosis, transforming into parasitic juveniles that feed on blood and bodily fluids of fishes; adult lamprey cease feeding, spawn, and die. Since gut microbiota are critical for the overall health of all animals, we examined the microbiota associated with SLs in each life history stage. We show that there were significant differences in the gut bacterial communities associated with the larval, parasitic juvenile, and adult life stages. The transition from larval to the parasitic juvenile stage was marked with a significant shift in bacterial community structure and reduction in alpha diversity. The most abundant SL-associated phyla were Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, with their relative abundances varying among the stages. Moreover, while larval SL were enriched with unclassified Fusobacteriaceae, unclassified Verrucomicrobiales and Cetobacterium, members of the genera with fastidious nutritional requirements, such as Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Cutibacterium, Veillonella, and Massilia, were three to four orders of magnitude greater in juveniles than in larvae. In contrast, adult SLs were enriched with Aeromonas, Iodobacter, Shewanella, and Flavobacterium. Collectively, our findings show that bacterial communities in the SL gut are dramatically different among its life stages. Understanding how these communities change over time within and among SL life stages may shed more light on the role that these gut microbes play in host growth and fitness.

scholarly journals The olfactory system of migratory adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is specifically and acutely sensitive to unique bile acids released by conspecific larvae.

1995 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Li ◽  
P W Sorensen ◽  
D D Gallaher
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Sulfate Ester ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Freshwater Streams ◽  
Petromyzonol Sulfate ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Cross Adaptation

Larval sea lamprey inhabit freshwater streams and migrate to oceans or lakes to feed after a radical metamorphosis; subsequently, mature adults return to streams to spawn. Previous observations suggested that lamprey utilize the odor of conspecific larvae to select streams for spawning. Here we report biochemical and electrophysiological evidence that this odor is comprised of two unique bile acids released by larvae. High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry demonstrated that larval sea lamprey produce and release two unique bile acids, allocholic acid (ACA) and petromyzonol sulfate (PS). Electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording also demonstrated that the olfactory system of migratory adult sea lamprey is acutely and specifically sensitive to ACA and PS; detection thresholds for these compounds were approximately 10(-12) M. ACA and PS were the most potent of 38 bile acids tested and cross-adaptation experiments suggested that adult sea lamprey have specific olfactory receptor sites associated with independent signal transduction pathways for these bile acids. These receptor sites specifically recognize the key substituents of ACA and PS such as a 5 alpha-hydrogen, three axial hydroxyls, and a C-24 sulfate ester or carboxyl. In conclusion, the unique lamprey bile acids, ACA and PS, are potent and specific stimulants of the adult olfactory system, strongly supporting the hypothesis that these unique bile acids function as migratory pheromones in lamprey.

A behavioural framework for trapping success and its application to invasive sea lamprey

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1438-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gale A. Bravener ◽  
Robert L. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Release Date ◽  
Factors Influencing

Scientific advances are needed to contend with invasive species. Trapping is often used for control or assessment, and understanding the invasive species’ behaviour is important for trapping success. A framework linking behaviour to trapping success and management responses was used to test hypotheses for the low trapping success of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the St. Marys River connecting Lakes Superior and Huron. Behaviour of sea lamprey approaching and at traps was quantified using external and internal tags and video. Multistate Markov models identified phenotypic and environmental factors influencing trapping success. Low trapping success for invasive sea lamprey in the St. Marys River is due to individuals not encountering traps, not entering upon encounter, not remaining at the trap, and not returning upon departure. All trapped lamprey were retained. Encounter with, and entrance into, traps varied with sea lamprey class, release date, and time of day, but not body length or river discharge. The conceptual and analytical methods applied here could be used to understand and improve trapping success for other invasive animals.

Early Trend Determination of Organochlorine Contamination from Residue Ratios in the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and its Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) Host

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus L. E. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Chemical Contaminant ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Biological Relationship ◽  
Adult Lamprey ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree

A detailed statistical evaluation of the levels of organochlorine contaminants in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and simultaneously caught lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from the northern parts of Lakes Huron and Michigan is described. The analysis of residue ratios, both within each species and between, allows an immediate recognition of rising and falling trends of contamination with a high degree of confidence. This improvement over the conventional method of monitoring one species over several years is accomplished with comparatively little effort in sampling and chemical contaminant analysis. The described technique exploits the unique biological relationship of the lamprey and its host and is also based on the significantly shorter lifespan of the (adult) lamprey compared to that of the host. Rising trends in PCB and DDE contamination and declining trends for the levels of DDT, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorepoxide, and α-hexachlorocyclohexane were observed in 1978, the year of collection.Key words: organochlorine, contamination, trend, ratio, Petromyzon marinus, Coregonus clupeaformis

scholarly journals Morphogenesis and growth of the definitive opisthonephros during metamorphosis of anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-235
Author(s):  
E. C. Ooi ◽  
J. H. Youson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Tissue Differentiation ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
Renal Corpuscle ◽  
Adult Lamprey

The definitive opisthonephros of the adult lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., develops during metamorphosis from the nephrogenic cord confined within a nephric fold and extending from the posterior tip of the larval opisthonephros to the cloaca. This development is initiated prior to the first signs of external metamorphosis and begins with the simultaneous appearance of clusters of cells scattered along the entire length of the cord. Proliferation of these cell clusters and their elongation to connect to the closely associated archinephric duct results in the formation of rudimentary nephron units. Subsequent development involves the formation of tubular lumina, branching of the tubules, and the participation of the proximal ends of the newly formed tubules in the formation of the single renal corpuscle. Growth in size of the kidney is the result of lengthening of the existing tubules through cell proliferation rather than through the addition of new nephrons. This growth appears to be at the expense of adipose tissue within the nephric fold. During later stages of metamorphosis, cell proliferation is more prevalent in the ventral part of the nephric fold where a parallel system of tubules develops. The development of the definitive opisthonephros during metamorphosis of lamprey may prove to be a useful model for further studies of tissue differentiation and interaction during kidney development in vertebrates.

scholarly journals Two highly related odorant receptors specifically detect α-bile acid pheromones in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (34) ◽  
pp. 12153-12166
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Qinghua Zhang ◽  
Thomas S. Dexheimer ◽  
Jianfeng Ren ◽  
Richard R. Neubig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Single Amino Acid Residue

Pheromones play critical roles in habitat identification and reproductive behavior synchronization in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). The bile acid 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) is a major component of the sex pheromone mixture from male sea lamprey that induces specific olfactory and behavioral responses in conspecific individuals. Olfactory receptors interact directly with pheromones, which is the first step in their detection, but identifying the cognate receptors of specific pheromones is often challenging. Here, we deorphanized two highly related odorant receptors (ORs), OR320a and OR320b, of P. marinus that respond to 3kPZS. In a heterologous expression system coupled to a cAMP-responsive CRE-luciferase, OR320a and OR320b specifically responded to C24 5α-bile acids, and both receptors were activated by the same set of 3kPZS analogs. OR320a displayed larger responses to all 3kPZS analogs than did OR320b. This difference appeared to be largely determined by a single amino acid residue, Cys-792.56, the C-terminal sixth residue relative to the most conserved residue in the second transmembrane domain (2.56) of OR320a. This region of TM2 residues 2.56–2.60 apparently is critical for the detection of steroid compounds by odorant receptors in lamprey, zebrafish, and humans. Finally, we identified OR320 orthologs in Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum), suggesting that the OR320 family may be widely present in lamprey species and that OR320 may be under purifying selection. Our results provide a system to examine the origin of olfactory steroid detection in vertebrates and to define a highly conserved molecular mechanism for steroid-ligand detection by G protein–coupled receptors.

Laboratory assessment of the role of a larval pheromone and natural stream odor in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2374-2385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance A Vrieze ◽  
Peter W Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Natural Stream ◽  
Petromyzonol Sulfate ◽  
Larval Pheromone ◽  
Stream Waters

This study used large laboratory mazes and natural stream waters to test the role of olfactory cues, including a pheromone released by larvae, in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We found that migratory lamprey strongly prefer stream water over lake water and that this response is dependent upon a functional olfactory system. Responses persisted among migratory lamprey even after stream water was diluted a thousand times but were not seen among non-migratory lamprey. Experiments using waters from five streams demonstrated that a larval pheromone is a key determinant of stream attractiveness: water from streams with larval populations were consistently more attractive than those without, and adding larval odor to the latter reversed this relationship. Larval odor was attractive at low, realistic concentrations, especially when presented together with natural stream water, suggesting that streams contain other odors that synergize the actions of the pheromone. Some, but not all, of the activity of the larval pheromone could be explained by two bile acids released by larvae (petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid). Together, these results strongly suggest that migratory lamprey locate streams using a larval pheromone. This cue could be useful in lamprey control.

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