An Investigation of the Electrical "Spike" Potentials Produced by the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Water Surrounding the Head Region

1956 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kleerekoper ◽  
Kira Sibakin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Gill Opening ◽  
Adult Lamprey

In the water surrounding the head of Petromyzon marinus electric triphasic spike potentials can be recorded which recur rhythmically at 0.4-second intervals and are synchronous with the externally visible movement of respiration. At a distance of 15 to 20 mm. from the animal, above the eye region, the potentials are from 200–300 μv in an adult lamprey, in fresh water. The electric field produced by these potentials extends several centimeters frontwards of the head depending on experimental conditions and factors now being studied. Posterior to the gill openings the potentials taper off sharply and no spikes could be recorded 50–70 mm. posterior to the last gill opening. The field is symmetrical around the longitudinal axis of the animal under the experimental conditions described. Strychnine and cocaine do not affect the characteristics of the spikes but curare decreases their potential considerably, depending on amounts injected and the condition of the experimental animal. Light conditions do not affect the production of the spikes. The possible function of the electric field for the sea lamprey is discussed.

Spike Potentials produced by the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Water surrounding the Head Region

Nature ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 178 (4531) ◽  
pp. 490-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERMAN KLEEREKOPER ◽  
KIRA SIBAKIN
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Head Region

Direct behavioral evidence that unique bile acids released by larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) function as a migratory pheromone

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rickard Bjerselius ◽  
Weiming Li ◽  
John H Teeter ◽  
James G Seelye ◽  
Peter B Johnsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Larval Pheromone ◽  
Adult Lamprey

Four behavioral experiments conducted in both the laboratory and the field provide evidence that adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) select spawning rivers based on the odor of larvae that they contain and that bile acids released by the larvae are part of this pheromonal odor. First, when tested in a recirculating maze, migratory adult lamprey spent more time in water scented with larvae. However, when fully mature, adults lost their responsiveness to larvae and preferred instead the odor of mature individuals. Second, when tested in a flowing stream, migratory adults swam upstream more actively when the water was scented with larvae. Third, when migratory adults were tested in a laboratory maze containing still water, they exhibited enhanced swimming activity in the presence of a 0.1 nM concentration of the two unique bile acids released by larvae and detected by adult lamprey. Fourth, when adults were exposed to this bile acid mixture within flowing waters, they actively swam into it. Taken together, these data suggest that adult lamprey use a bile acid based larval pheromone to help them locate spawning rivers and that responsiveness to this cue is influenced by current flow, maturity, and time of day. Although the precise identity and function of the larval pheromone remain to be fully elucidated, we believe that this cue will ultimately prove useful as an attractant in sea lamprey control.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Associated With Different Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Life Stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince P. Mathai ◽  
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli ◽  
Nicholas S. Johnson ◽  
Michael J. Sadowsky
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Adult Lamprey

Sea lamprey (SL; Petromyzon marinus), one of the oldest living vertebrates, have a complex metamorphic life cycle. Following hatching, SL transition into a microphagous, sediment burrowing larval stage, and after 2–10+ years, the larvae undergo a dramatic metamorphosis, transforming into parasitic juveniles that feed on blood and bodily fluids of fishes; adult lamprey cease feeding, spawn, and die. Since gut microbiota are critical for the overall health of all animals, we examined the microbiota associated with SLs in each life history stage. We show that there were significant differences in the gut bacterial communities associated with the larval, parasitic juvenile, and adult life stages. The transition from larval to the parasitic juvenile stage was marked with a significant shift in bacterial community structure and reduction in alpha diversity. The most abundant SL-associated phyla were Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, with their relative abundances varying among the stages. Moreover, while larval SL were enriched with unclassified Fusobacteriaceae, unclassified Verrucomicrobiales and Cetobacterium, members of the genera with fastidious nutritional requirements, such as Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Cutibacterium, Veillonella, and Massilia, were three to four orders of magnitude greater in juveniles than in larvae. In contrast, adult SLs were enriched with Aeromonas, Iodobacter, Shewanella, and Flavobacterium. Collectively, our findings show that bacterial communities in the SL gut are dramatically different among its life stages. Understanding how these communities change over time within and among SL life stages may shed more light on the role that these gut microbes play in host growth and fitness.

scholarly journals THE METAMORPHOSIS OF VISUAL SYSTEMS IN THE SEA LAMPREY

1957 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 901-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wald
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
General Association ◽  
Vitamin A2 ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Living Group

The life cycle of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, includes two metamorphoses. At the end of a period spent as a blind larva, buried in the mud of streams, a first metamorphosis prepares it to migrate downstream to the sea or a lake for its growth phase. Then, following a second metamorphosis, it migrates upstream as a sexually mature adult to spawn and die. The downstream migrants have a visual system based upon rhodopsin and vitamin A1, whereas that of the upstream migrants is based upon porphyropsin and vitamin A2. The livers contain vitamin A1 at all stages. The sea lamprey therefore exhibits a metamorphosis of visual systems, like those observed earlier among amphibia. The presence of porphyropsin in this member of the most primitive living group of vertebrates, as in fishes and amphibia, supports the notion that porphyropsin may have been the primitive vertebrate visual pigment. Its association with fresh water existence throughout this range of organisms also is consistent with the view that the vertebrate stock originated in fresh water. The observation that in the life cycle of the lamprey rhodopsin precedes porphyropsin is not at variance with the idea that porphyropsin is the more primitive pigment, since this change is part of the second metamorphosis, marking the return to the original environment. The observation that in lampreys, fishes, and amphibia, porphyropsin maintains the same general association with fresh water, and rhodopsin with marine and terrestrial habit, suggests that a single genetic mechanism may govern this association throughout this wide span of organisms.

Early Trend Determination of Organochlorine Contamination from Residue Ratios in the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and its Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) Host

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus L. E. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Chemical Contaminant ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Biological Relationship ◽  
Adult Lamprey ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree

A detailed statistical evaluation of the levels of organochlorine contaminants in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and simultaneously caught lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from the northern parts of Lakes Huron and Michigan is described. The analysis of residue ratios, both within each species and between, allows an immediate recognition of rising and falling trends of contamination with a high degree of confidence. This improvement over the conventional method of monitoring one species over several years is accomplished with comparatively little effort in sampling and chemical contaminant analysis. The described technique exploits the unique biological relationship of the lamprey and its host and is also based on the significantly shorter lifespan of the (adult) lamprey compared to that of the host. Rising trends in PCB and DDE contamination and declining trends for the levels of DDT, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorepoxide, and α-hexachlorocyclohexane were observed in 1978, the year of collection.Key words: organochlorine, contamination, trend, ratio, Petromyzon marinus, Coregonus clupeaformis

An Investigation of the Electrical "Spike" Potentials Produced by the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Water Surrounding the Head Region. II.

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kleerekoper ◽  
Kira Sibakin
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Region Ii ◽  
Respiratory Movements ◽  
Eye Region

The rhythmically recurring spike potentials emitted by Petromyzon marinus are synchronous with the external respiratory movements but are not emitted through the branchial pores. Only total electrical shielding of the probranchial body eliminates these potentials from the water surrounding the animal. The principal area of emission is located in the eye region immediately cephalad of the first pair of branchial pores, in the area overlying the junction of the probranchial muscle and the hypobranchial branch of the parietalis. Probing of the skin with electrodes shows potentials of 1 millivolt on the surface of this area. These potentials are more than tenfold those recorded on any other part of the skin. It is assumed that the spike potentials described previously are emitted from the area defined above.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis and growth of the definitive opisthonephros during metamorphosis of anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-235
Author(s):  
E. C. Ooi ◽  
J. H. Youson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Tissue Differentiation ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
Renal Corpuscle ◽  
Adult Lamprey

The definitive opisthonephros of the adult lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., develops during metamorphosis from the nephrogenic cord confined within a nephric fold and extending from the posterior tip of the larval opisthonephros to the cloaca. This development is initiated prior to the first signs of external metamorphosis and begins with the simultaneous appearance of clusters of cells scattered along the entire length of the cord. Proliferation of these cell clusters and their elongation to connect to the closely associated archinephric duct results in the formation of rudimentary nephron units. Subsequent development involves the formation of tubular lumina, branching of the tubules, and the participation of the proximal ends of the newly formed tubules in the formation of the single renal corpuscle. Growth in size of the kidney is the result of lengthening of the existing tubules through cell proliferation rather than through the addition of new nephrons. This growth appears to be at the expense of adipose tissue within the nephric fold. During later stages of metamorphosis, cell proliferation is more prevalent in the ventral part of the nephric fold where a parallel system of tubules develops. The development of the definitive opisthonephros during metamorphosis of lamprey may prove to be a useful model for further studies of tissue differentiation and interaction during kidney development in vertebrates.

scholarly journals THE NATURE OF THE LAMPREY VISUAL PIGMENT

1956 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Crescitelli
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Difference Spectra ◽  
Pure Solution ◽  
The Pacific

From the retina of the land-locked population of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, a photolabile pigment was extracted which was identified spectrophotometrically as a member of the rhodopsin group of pigments. Using the absorption spectrum of a relatively pure solution and analysis by means of difference spectra, the peak of this pigment was placed at about 497 mµ. The method of selective bleaching by light of different wave lengths revealed no significant amounts of any other pigment in the extracts. A similar pigment was also detected in retinal extracts of the Pacific Coast lamprey, Entospenus tridentatus. These results are significant for two reasons: (a) the lamprey is shown to be an example of an animal which spawns in fresh water but which is characterized by the presence of rhodopsin, rather than porphyropsin, in the retina; (b) the primitive phylogenetic position of the lamprey suggests that rhodopsin was the visual pigment of the original vertebrates.

Structure of the conus arteriosus and ventral aorta in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa: microfibrils, a major component

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2445-2456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenda M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Elastic Fibre ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
Myxine Glutinosa ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Adult Lamprey

Light and electron microscopic observations of the conus arteriosus (CA) and ventral aorta (VA) of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, reveal the presence of a unique form of fibrous extracellular matrix within their media and an unusual type of connective tissue forming the lateral subendothelial distensions found only in the lamprey CA. The extracellular matrix of the media in lamprey and hagfish CA and VA is characterized by large concentrations of tubular, elastic fibrelike microfibrils 11–17 nm in diameter. No elastic fibrelike elastin component could be found. Collagen fibrils, matrix granules, and intergranular filaments make up the remainder of the matrix. The loose connective tissue composing the lateral distensions of the larval and adult lamprey CA contains ultrastructural features similar to those of lamprey mucocartilage. It is speculated that since lampreys and hagfish are living representatives of the most primitive group of vertebrates, the microfibrils present in their major arteries may represent a primitive form of elastic fibre in which elastin has not yet developed. The functional significance of the extracellular microfibrils in the CA and VA of lamprey and hagfish and the occurrence of lateral distensions in the lamprey CA are discussed.

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