Ambient pH and Calcium Concentration as Modifiers of Growth and Calcium Dynamics of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1774-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Calcium Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
High Calcium

Juvenile brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were maintained in water of pH 5.3 or 6.5 and calcium concentrations of 5 or 40 mg/L to determine the effects of these factors on fish growth and calcium dynamics. Growth rates varied more than twofold and were significantly reduced by both low ambient calcium concentration and low pH. In contrast, calcium dynamics of the fish were significantly affected by calcium concentration but not pH. Brook trout in low-calcium water retained less labeled dietary calcium and deposited less labeled calcium in axial skeleton and visceral tissues than fish in high-calcium water. Calcium concentrations of the skin and fins were slightly but significantly reduced among fish in low-calcium water, but neither pH nor ambient calcium concentration significantly affected ash content or calcium concentration of axial skeleton and visceral tissues of experimental fish.

Retardation and Recovery of Growth in Brook Trout Fry (Salvelinus fontinalis) Exposed for Various Durations to Acidified Water

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2048-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Tam ◽  
P. D. Payson ◽  
R. J. J. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Neutral Water

Brook trout fry (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to pH 4.66 for various durations up to 141 d and then returned to neutral water. Growth of test fish was in general significantly lower than that of control fish for exposures up to days 45–78. In four of six groups of acid-treated fish, growth eventually recovered and the growth rates were not different from that of control fish. The results suggested that growth inhibition was induced early in the exposure to sublethally low pH and that recovery in the latter phase of the experiment occurred whether pH remained acidic or was readjusted to neutral.

scholarly journals Secretion and degradation of parathormone as a function of intracellular maturation of hormone pools

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Morrissey ◽  
DV Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Dibutyryl Cyclic Amp ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Parathormone Secretion

The biosynthesis, processing, and secretion of parthormone and the effect of calcium on these processes were measured in dispersed porcine parthyroid cells incubated with [(35)S]methionine. Proparathormone was detected at 10 min, the earliest time measured, and was rapidly and apparently quantitatively converted to parathormone. The half-life of the prohomormone pool was 15 min. Secretion of parathormone was detected by 20 min. In pulse-chase experiments there was a period between 20 and 40 min during which the wave of newly-synthesized parathormone was secreted. After 40 min during little additional radioactive hormone was secreted, but dibutyryl cyclic AMP, an agent that can mobilize stored parathormone, when added to the incubation mixtures enhanced radioactive parathormone secretion but only after 60 min, although it increased net hormone secretion as determined by radioimmunoassay to the same extent at all times studied. When the ionized calcium concentration of the medium was lowered, more radioactive hormone was secreted at all times but the effect was greatest on that hormone that was synthesized less than 60 min previously ; however, net hormone secretion in contrast to radioactive hormone was enhanced equally at all intervals. These data could mean that the refractoriness to secretion of parathormone 40-60 min of age was related to maturation of secretory container preparatory to storage. Low calcium (0.5 mM) stimulated hormone secretion up to fivefold compared to high calcium (3.0 mM) but did not affect synthesis of parathormone or proparathormne or conversion of the latter to hormone. During processing at least 70 percent of the intracellular parathormone was lost, presumably through proteolysis and this degradation was greater at high calcium. These data have been interpreted in light of the concept that two secretable pools of parathormone exist within the parathyroid.

Responses of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fry to Fluctuating Acid, Aluminum, and Low Calcium Exposure

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1623-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Mount ◽  
M. J. Swanson ◽  
J. E. Breck ◽  
A. M. Farag ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Pulse Exposure ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Calcium Stress ◽  
Baseline Conditions

Brook trout fry were exposed for thirty days to temporal combinations of two water qualities: (1) pH 5.21, 51 μg/L total aluminum, with 2.39 mg/L calcium (baseline); and (2) pH 4.59, 329 μg/L total aluminum, with 1.56 mg/L calcium (pulse). Although continuous exposure to the latter conditions caused nearly complete mortality, exposures alternating between the two conditions caused much less mortality. In fact, fish experiencing 18 d of baseline conditions before their first pulse exposure had mortality rates equal to fish never experiencing a pulse, indicating acclimation to acid/aluminum/low calcium stress. We conclude that the pattern of fluctuating acid/aluminum/low calcium exposure is very important in determining its toxicity, and that the toxicity of acidic "pulses" in field situations may be lower than would be expected from laboratory exposures using naive fish, due to the existence of acclimation.

The effect of solution pH and external calcium concentration on the early growth and nodulation of several annual Medicago species

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Ewing ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Annual Medics

The study tested the hypothesis that annual medic species which nodulate well in acid soils in the field (M. murex Willd. and M. polymorpha L.) will nodulate better in acid solutions with low calcium concentrations than annual medics which nodulate poorly in acid soils (M, truncatula Gaertn.). Effects of pH (5.5 and 6.5) and calcium concentration (0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) on the early growth and nodulation of three annual medic species (M. truncatula, M. polymorpha and M. murex) were investigated. Increasing pH or calcium concentration did not increase plant growth for any of the species. However, nodulation was generally depressed by low pH for all species. Increasing calcium concentration in solution increased nodulation in all species. Effects of low pH and low calcium concentration in decreasing nodule number were much greater for M. truncatula than for M. polymorpha and M. murex. At pH 5.5, M. truncatula failed to nodulate at any calcium concentration, whereas a large proportion of M. murex plants nodulated at 1 mM calcium and some M. polymorpha plants nodulated at 2 mM calcium. At pH 6.5, M. polymorpha required 1 mM calcium in solution for maximum nodule number, and M. murex only 0.5 mM calcium, whereas nodule number for M. truncatula increased up to 2 mM calcium, the highest concentration used. The results provide the basis for a simple screening system to distinguish differences among annual medics in nodulation tolerance to acidity. The maintenance of ranking among species with respect to nodulation over a wide range of stresses induced by combinations of low pH and calcium concentration suggest that screening using a single stress combining these two components would be adequate. Nodulation differences between species can be simply and effectively assessed using a scoring system combining number size and location of nodules.

Early juvenile bioenergetic differences between anadromous and resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève R Morinville ◽  
Joseph B Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Partial Migration ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Consumption Rates

Many salmonids, including brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), contain both anadromous (migrant) and nonanadromous (resident) forms within a population (partial migration). Although partial migration is commonly observed, the mechanisms governing the adoption of migration or residency are poorly understood. We used field estimates of fish growth coupled with in situ estimates of food consumption rates to demonstrate that a trade-off exists between the ability to efficiently exploit local environments (resident approach) and the capacity to capitalize from large-scale environmental heterogeneity (migrant approach). We demonstrate that in the year before migration, migrant brook trout have consumption rates 1.4 times higher than those of resident brook trout. However, migrants have lower growth efficiencies (ratio of growth to consumption) than residents, indicating that migrants have higher metabolic costs. Residents and migrants also differed in their stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C), a time-integrated measure that has been linked to habitat use. Fish muscle δ13C of migrants was depleted by 1 ± 0.1‰ compared with that of residents, and this could not be explained by any biases introduced by the time of sampling or the size of fish sampled. Our findings thus agree with the notion that a link exists between metabolic costs (efficiency) and the adopted life-history strategy.

Effects of Aluminum and Low pH on Net Ion Fluxes and Ion Balance in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1563-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Booth ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
C. M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for up to 11 d to one of a matrix of 18 Al, low pH, and Ca2+ combinations, chosen as representive of acidified softwater environments in the wild. Reduction in water pH led to pH-dependent net losses of Na+ and Cl− exacerbated by the presence of Al in the water and reduced by elevating Ca2+. Any animal losing more than 4% of its total body Na+ over the first 24 h of Al exposure had a greater than 90% likelihood of eventual mortality. Na+ losses arose from inhibition of influx and stimulation of efflux. The inhibition was persistent and pH dependent. Addition of Al to acidified water had a slight further inhibitory effect on Na+ influx and a large stimulatory effect on efflux. The latter was dependent on Al concentration, was the main cause of initial ion losses and mortality, and declined with time in surviving animals. All Al-exposed fish accumulated Al on their gills, but this was apparently mainly surface or subsurface bound, since no internal Al (plasma or liver) could be detected. Nonsurviving fish had substantially higher gill Al levels than survivors.

Involvement of glutathione oxidation reduction in parathyroid hormone secretion

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (4) ◽  
pp. E475-E479
Author(s):  
J. J. Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Glutathione Oxidation

This study determines whether calcium affects glutathione metabolism and whether glutathione metabolism may influence parathyroid (PTH) secretion in collagenase dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were measured fluorometrically and enzymatically while PTH secretion was determined by radioimmunoassay. The total GSH and GSSG content of parathyroid cells was found to range from 1.59 to 1.71 micrograms/mg cell protein, and this did not vary significantly with changes in extracellular calcium. An increase in the medium calcium concentration from 0.5 to 2.0 mM did, however, cause an increase in GSSG from 0.43-0.54 to 1.19-1.20 micrograms/mg protein with a concomitant decrease in GSH. The compound 2-cyclohexen-1-one was used to deplete the cells of GSH at a low-calcium medium (0.5 mM) to levels seen in high-calcium medium (2.0 mM). This treatment was found to inhibit PTH secretion in the low-calcium medium, as if the cells were incubated in high medium calcium. Both 2-cyclohexen-1-one and calcium caused a rapid decrease in reduced GSH levels and in hormone secretion. The ketone was not found to affect cellular protein synthesis, indicating that there was no nonspecific toxic effect of this treatment on the cells. These results suggest that changes in the calcium concentration of the medium affect the GSH/GSSG ratio of dispersed parathyroid cells. Changes in the GSH/GSSG ratio induced by calcium may be related to changes in PTH secretion.

Elevated Levels of Arginine Vasotocin in the Brain of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from Acid Lakes: A Field Test of a Potential Biomarker for Acid Stress

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1717-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hontela ◽  
J. B. Rasmussen ◽  
K. Lederis ◽  
H. V. Tra ◽  
G. Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Arginine Vasotocin ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Relationship

The levels of arginine vasotocin (AVT), an osmoregulatory peptide, were determined by radioimmunoassay in brain tissue of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of a wide size range (50–380 mm) from softwater Laurentian lakes ranging in pH from 5.0 to 6.9 at different seasons. Multivariate models (ANCOVA) were developed to quantify the relationship between AVT, pH, body size, and season. Brain AVT levels increased with body size, and the allometric slope was highest in the low-pH lakes (pH 5.0-5.5). Although brook trout > 150 mm had higher brain AVT levels at low pH, no significant differences were detected for brook trout < 150 mm. We hypothesize that the sensitivity of brook trout at the parr stage to acid stress may be linked to their inability to mobilize a hormonal response involving AVT. The seasonal variation in brain AVT levels was similar in all the lakes studied, summer levels being the highest. Although this field study revealed that AVT levels depend also on factors other than acid stress (body size and season), our ANCOVA models allow adjustment for the effects of these covariables. Analyses of this type can be used to field test and calibrate biomarkers for use in ecotoxicology.

Plasma electrolytes, gill aluminum content, and gill morphology of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) indigenous to acidic streams of Nova Scotia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Lacroix ◽  
D. J. Hood ◽  
C. S. Belfry ◽  
T. G. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Gill Morphology

Plasma electrolytes and gill [Al] were determined and gill morphology and histology were examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from feral populations in acidic streams of southwest Nova Scotia. Plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] were lowest in fish from streams with the lowest pH levels, but there were no correlations between plasma [Na+] or [Cl−] and exchangeable [Al] in streams for both species. Gill [Al] increased exponentially with increasing exchangeable [Al] in water, but was less than 100 μg/g dry weight in both species. There were no correlations between plasma [Na+] or [Cl−] and gill [Al] for both species, and plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] were ultimately linked to low pH. Scanning electron microscopy of gills showed normal primary and secondary lamellae, with few signs of fusion or hyperplasia, only a slight amount of mucus, regular chloride cell crypts, and epithelial cells with distinct microridges. Histology of gill sections showed few lesions in the primary lamellae but some focal histologic lesions in the secondary lamellae of greater than 50% of fish, regardless of ambient pH or [Al]. The histopathology included hypertrophy of individual epithelial, mucous, and chloride cells, clubbing of tips of secondary lamellae, and localized epithelial hyperplasia. These features were focal and not comparable to the extensive morphological changes or histologic lesions usually attributed to high [Al] at low pH. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations greater than 5 mg/L in the acidic streams apparently afforded protection against Al effects at concentrations of at least 360 μg total Al/L.

Aluminum and Acid Toxicity to Two Strains of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1641-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. D. Gulley ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
M. E. Mueller ◽  
J. D. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Gill Histology ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Two strains of 1 yr-old brook trout were exposed to 14 combinations of pH, aluminum, and calcium during a 28-d experiment. Survival, weight, and gill histology of both strains were affected similarly by pH, aluminum, and calcium exposure. Survival was reduced at inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations (IA1) of 29 μg/L at pH 5.2 and [Formula: see text] at pH 4.4 and 4.8. Fish weight was reduced with exposure to pH below 4.8 or aluminum concentrations [Formula: see text]. The gills sampled from fish exposed to low pH exhibited lifting of the outer epithelium and hypertrophy (increase in size) of chloride and epithelial cells. The response of gills sampled from fish exposed to low pH and elevated aluminum was more pronounced relative to the low pH exposure alone. In addition to the effects observed in the low pH exposed fish, the gills from fish exposed to both acid and aluminum exhibited vacuolation and degeneration of epithelial and chloride cells and the presence of dense cells. Finally, fish confined in PVC tubes designed to mimic in situ field exposure procedures were more sensitive to the toxic effects of acid and aluminum compared to free-swimming fish. Caution must be taken when extrapolating safe field levels from in situ exposures of caged fish.

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