Measuring and Estimating the Bioconcentration Factor of Chemicals in Fish

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilman D. Veith ◽  
David L. DeFoe ◽  
Barbara V. Bergstedt
Keyword(s):  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Log P ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Bioconcentration Factors ◽  
First Order ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Composite Samples

A method of estimating the bioconcentration factor of organic chemicals in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) is described. Water at 25 °C was intermittently dosed with the chemical at a nontoxic concentration in a flow-through aquarium. Thirty minnows are placed in the aquarium, and composite samples of five fish are removed for analysis after 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 d of exposure. The bioconcentration process is summarized by using the first-order uptake model, and the steady-state bioconcentration factor is calculated from the 32-d exposure. A structure-activity correlation between the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (P) of individual chemicals is summarized by the equation log BCF = 0.85 log P − 0.70, which permits the estimation of the bioconcentration factor of chemicals to within 60% before laboratory testing. The facilities and resources for testing need be used only for those chemicals that are likely to result in substantial bioconcentration in organisms. The bioconcentration factors derived from tests of mixtures of chemicals are shown to be the same as those derived from tests with the chemicals individually. Key words: bioconcentration factor, bioaccumulation, structure-activity, bioassay

Effects of Aroclor® 1248 and 1260 on the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 997-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. DeFoe ◽  
G. D. Veith ◽  
R. W. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Aroclor 1248 ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Life Cycle Effects

Fathead minnows were exposed to Aroclor® 1248 and 1260 in flow-through bioassays to determine the acute (30-d) and chronic (240-d life cycle) effects on the larvae and adults, as well as the bioconcentration of the mixtures of PCBs in the fish. Newly hatched larvae (< 8 h old) were the most sensitive; the calculated 30-d LC50 was 4.7 μg/L for Aroclor 1248 and 3.3 μg/L for Aroclor 1260. Reproduction in fathead minnows occurred at concentrations as high as 3 μg/L for Aroclor 1248 and 2.1 μg/L for Aroclor 1260, concentrations that significantly affected larval survival. The 20% reduction in the standing crop in the second-generation fish at concentrations as low as 0.4 μg/L was due to the death of the larvae soon after hatching. The bioconcentration factor for PCBs was independent of the PCB concentration in the water; in adult females at 25 °C it was ~ 1.2 × 105 for Aroclor 1248 and 2.7 × 105 for Aroclor 1260. Females accumulated about twice as much PCBs as the males because of the greater amount of lipid in the female. Exposed fish placed in untreated Lake Superior water eliminated < 18% of the body burden after 60 d. Key words: PCBs, bioassay, bioconcentration, chronic toxicity, embryo-larval, depuration

Development of apical pits in chloride cells of the gills of Pimephales promelas after chronic exposure to acid water

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Richard L. Leino ◽  
Jon G. Anderson ◽  
J. Howard McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Flow Through

Groups of 12 fathead minnows were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5) with reagent grade H2SO4 by means of a multichannel toxicant system for flow-through bioassays. Untreated water (pH 7.5) had the following properties: hardness 45.3 ± 0.3 (95% confidence interval) mg/1 as CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 ± 0.2 mg/1; Cl- 0.03 meq/1; Na+ 0.05 meq/1; K+ 0.01 meq/1; Ca2+ 0.68 meq/1; Mg2+ 0.26 meq/1; dissolved O2 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/1; free CO2 3.2 ± 0.4 mg/1; T= 24.3 ± 0.1°C. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd gills were subsequently processed for LM (methacrylate), TEM and SEM respectively.Three changes involving chloride cells were correlated with increasing acidity: 1) the appearance of apical pits (figs. 2,5 as compared to figs. 1, 3,4) in chloride cells (about 22% of the chloride cells had pits at pH 5.0); 2) increases in their numbers and 3) increases in the % of these cells in the epithelium of the secondary lamellae.

scholarly journals Captan Toxicity to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1811-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger O. Hermanutz ◽  
Leonard H. Mueller ◽  
Kenneth D. Kempfert
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The toxic effects of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μg/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μg/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between 0.26 and 0.62. LTC values for the bluegill and brook trout were 72 and 29 μg/liter, respectively. The estimated MATC is between 44.6 and 18.7 μg/liter for the bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 μg/liter for the brook trout.The half-life of captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 μg/liter of captan were not lethal to 3-month-old fathead minnows.

Structure–Toxicity Relationships for the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas: Narcotic Industrial Chemicals

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilman D. Veith ◽  
Daniel J. Call ◽  
L. T. Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Alkyl Halides ◽  
Log P ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
The Common ◽  
Structure Toxicity Relationship ◽  
Toxicity Relationship

Narcosis is a reversible state of arrested activity of protoplasmic structures caused by a wide variety of organic chemicals. This nonspecific mode of toxic action was found predominant in acute toxicity studies of industrial chemicals and fish. This paper presents 96-h LC50 values for 65 industrial chemicals including alcohols, ketones, ethers, alkyl halides, and substituted benzenes. The common mode of action permitted the development of a structure–toxicity relationship as follows: log LC50 = −0.94 log P + 0.94 log (0.000068P + 1) −1.25 where P is the n-octanol/water partition coefficient. The data show that the toxicity of the chemicals to fish is directly comparable with the toxicity in mammals when expressed as chemical activity.

Effect of Lime Neutralized Iron Hydroxide Suspensions on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Smith ◽  
J. L. Sykora ◽  
M. A. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The long-term effect of lime neutralized suspended iron on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) survival, growth, and reproduction was assessed in a flow-through environment with a modified proportional diluter. Results of 12 months of testing reveal lower survival and declining growth of fathead minnows with an increase in lime neutralized suspended iron concentration. Hatchability and growth of fathead minnows were appreciably reduced in the lowest insoluble iron concentration tested, 1.5 mg Fe/liter. Reduced hatchability was attributed to the higher percentage of smaller particles in low lime neutralized iron concentrations. A comparison of data on survival, growth, and hatchability indicates that the safe level of suspended iron for fathead minnows presumably lies between the control and 1.5 mg Fe/liter.

Toxaphene Effects on Growth and Bone Composition of Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Mehrle ◽  
Foster L. Mayer Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Collagen Content ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Bone Composition ◽  
Flow Through

Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to toxaphene (55–1230 ng/liter) in a flow-through diluter system for 150 days. Growth was not affected by toxaphene for up to 90 days of exposure, but within 150 days it was significantly reduced at all concentrations. Collagen content of the backbone was decreased (P < 0.05), amino acid composition was changed, and calcium concentration was increased. Results from this study suggest that toxaphene altered the development and quality of the backbone, and induced biochemical manifestations of the "broken-back" syndrome. Radiographic analyses of the fish support our hypothesis that toxaphene induced a weakened, fragile backbone.

scholarly journals PENETAPAN NILAI PARAMETER LIPOFILISITAS (LOG P, JUMLAH TETAPAN  HANSCH DAN TETAPAN f REKKER) ASAM PIPEMIDAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Dewi Aryani
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Shake Flask ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Log P ◽  
Pipemidic Acid ◽  
Qsar Studies ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships

Lipophilicity is the most often used physicochemical property in quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) studies because it is related to the absorption across biological membrane and the distribution between body fluid and lipid-rich phase of drugs. Its quantitative descriptor is the octanol-water partition coefficient (usually expressed as log P). The 1-octanol-water partition coefficient of pipemidic acid was determined by an experimental using the shake-flask method and by calculating from p Hansch and f Rekker constant. The values of logarithmic intrinsic partition coefficient (IPC) and apparent partition coefficient (APC) of pipemidic acid were -2,03 ± 0,25 and -3,932 ± 0,25. The values of logarithmic partition coefficient, which were obtained by calculating of p Hansch and f Rekker constant were -1,65 and -1,981, respectively.

Appendix A: Quantitative Structure-activity Relationships for Skin Corrosivity

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin D. Barratt
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Skin Permeability ◽  
Log P ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Quantitative Structure ◽  
Structure Activity Relationships ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) have been derived which relate skin corrosivity data on organic chemicals (acids, bases, phenols and neutral chemicals) to their log P (log [octanol/water partition coefficient]) values, molecular volumes, melting points and pKa/ pKb values. Data sets were analysed using principal components analysis. For each group of chemicals, plots of the first two principal components of the above parameters, which broadly model skin permeability and cytotoxicity, showed that the analysis was able to discriminate well between corrosive and non-corrosive chemicals. The QSARs derived should be useful for predicting the skin corrosivity potentials of new or untested chemicals within these categories.

Factors Affecting Bioconcentration of Trace Organic Contamination in Waters

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Hawker ◽  
D. W. Connell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Organic Contamination ◽  
Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Physicochemical Factors ◽  
Trace Organic

The influence of some important biological and physicochemical factors on the bioconcentration of hydrophobic organic chemicals is outlined. For non-ionizable, persistent compounds the bioconcentration factor can be related to a compound's octanol/water partition coefficient, aqueous solubility and molecular weight, while the lipid content of an organism also affects the bioconcentration potential of these compounds. The effect of ionization and biodegradation of organic chemicals on bioconcentration is also discussed.

Relationships between Cellular Toxicity, the Maximum Tolerated Dose, Lipophilicity and Electrophilicity

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-562
Author(s):  
Herbert S. Rosenkranz ◽  
Edwin J. Matthews ◽  
Gilles Klopman
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
Log P ◽  
Lumo Energy ◽  
Cellular Toxicity ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital ◽  
Rats And Mice

Results on cellular toxicity and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for rats and mice were available for approximately 175 chemicals tested by the US National Toxicology Program. Additionally, the computed log P (log octanol-water partition coefficient) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy values, a measure of electrophilicity were also available for most of these chemicals. Analysis of the chemicals on the basis of their physical and quantum chemical properties and their toxic effects on cultured cells and rodents showed that: 1) as a group, the more toxic chemicals showed a trend towards higher LUMO energies (i.e. less electrophilic); 2) cytotoxic chemicals exhibited increased lipophilicity; and 3) cytotoxic chemicals were associated with increased systemic toxicity (as measured by the MTD). None of these relationships was expressed in a significant linear fashion as a function of the concentration at which the chemicals exhibited cytotoxicity.

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