Effects of Aroclor® 1248 and 1260 on the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 997-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. DeFoe ◽  
G. D. Veith ◽  
R. W. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Aroclor 1248 ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Life Cycle Effects

Fathead minnows were exposed to Aroclor® 1248 and 1260 in flow-through bioassays to determine the acute (30-d) and chronic (240-d life cycle) effects on the larvae and adults, as well as the bioconcentration of the mixtures of PCBs in the fish. Newly hatched larvae (< 8 h old) were the most sensitive; the calculated 30-d LC50 was 4.7 μg/L for Aroclor 1248 and 3.3 μg/L for Aroclor 1260. Reproduction in fathead minnows occurred at concentrations as high as 3 μg/L for Aroclor 1248 and 2.1 μg/L for Aroclor 1260, concentrations that significantly affected larval survival. The 20% reduction in the standing crop in the second-generation fish at concentrations as low as 0.4 μg/L was due to the death of the larvae soon after hatching. The bioconcentration factor for PCBs was independent of the PCB concentration in the water; in adult females at 25 °C it was ~ 1.2 × 105 for Aroclor 1248 and 2.7 × 105 for Aroclor 1260. Females accumulated about twice as much PCBs as the males because of the greater amount of lipid in the female. Exposed fish placed in untreated Lake Superior water eliminated < 18% of the body burden after 60 d. Key words: PCBs, bioassay, bioconcentration, chronic toxicity, embryo-larval, depuration

Measuring and Estimating the Bioconcentration Factor of Chemicals in Fish

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilman D. Veith ◽  
David L. DeFoe ◽  
Barbara V. Bergstedt
Keyword(s):  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Log P ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Bioconcentration Factors ◽  
First Order ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Composite Samples

A method of estimating the bioconcentration factor of organic chemicals in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) is described. Water at 25 °C was intermittently dosed with the chemical at a nontoxic concentration in a flow-through aquarium. Thirty minnows are placed in the aquarium, and composite samples of five fish are removed for analysis after 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 d of exposure. The bioconcentration process is summarized by using the first-order uptake model, and the steady-state bioconcentration factor is calculated from the 32-d exposure. A structure-activity correlation between the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (P) of individual chemicals is summarized by the equation log BCF = 0.85 log P − 0.70, which permits the estimation of the bioconcentration factor of chemicals to within 60% before laboratory testing. The facilities and resources for testing need be used only for those chemicals that are likely to result in substantial bioconcentration in organisms. The bioconcentration factors derived from tests of mixtures of chemicals are shown to be the same as those derived from tests with the chemicals individually. Key words: bioconcentration factor, bioaccumulation, structure-activity, bioassay

Development of apical pits in chloride cells of the gills of Pimephales promelas after chronic exposure to acid water

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Richard L. Leino ◽  
Jon G. Anderson ◽  
J. Howard McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Flow Through

Groups of 12 fathead minnows were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5) with reagent grade H2SO4 by means of a multichannel toxicant system for flow-through bioassays. Untreated water (pH 7.5) had the following properties: hardness 45.3 ± 0.3 (95% confidence interval) mg/1 as CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 ± 0.2 mg/1; Cl- 0.03 meq/1; Na+ 0.05 meq/1; K+ 0.01 meq/1; Ca2+ 0.68 meq/1; Mg2+ 0.26 meq/1; dissolved O2 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/1; free CO2 3.2 ± 0.4 mg/1; T= 24.3 ± 0.1°C. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd gills were subsequently processed for LM (methacrylate), TEM and SEM respectively.Three changes involving chloride cells were correlated with increasing acidity: 1) the appearance of apical pits (figs. 2,5 as compared to figs. 1, 3,4) in chloride cells (about 22% of the chloride cells had pits at pH 5.0); 2) increases in their numbers and 3) increases in the % of these cells in the epithelium of the secondary lamellae.

scholarly journals Captan Toxicity to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1811-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger O. Hermanutz ◽  
Leonard H. Mueller ◽  
Kenneth D. Kempfert
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The toxic effects of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μg/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μg/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between 0.26 and 0.62. LTC values for the bluegill and brook trout were 72 and 29 μg/liter, respectively. The estimated MATC is between 44.6 and 18.7 μg/liter for the bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 μg/liter for the brook trout.The half-life of captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 μg/liter of captan were not lethal to 3-month-old fathead minnows.

Effect of Lime Neutralized Iron Hydroxide Suspensions on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Smith ◽  
J. L. Sykora ◽  
M. A. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The long-term effect of lime neutralized suspended iron on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) survival, growth, and reproduction was assessed in a flow-through environment with a modified proportional diluter. Results of 12 months of testing reveal lower survival and declining growth of fathead minnows with an increase in lime neutralized suspended iron concentration. Hatchability and growth of fathead minnows were appreciably reduced in the lowest insoluble iron concentration tested, 1.5 mg Fe/liter. Reduced hatchability was attributed to the higher percentage of smaller particles in low lime neutralized iron concentrations. A comparison of data on survival, growth, and hatchability indicates that the safe level of suspended iron for fathead minnows presumably lies between the control and 1.5 mg Fe/liter.

Toxaphene Effects on Growth and Bone Composition of Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Mehrle ◽  
Foster L. Mayer Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Collagen Content ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Bone Composition ◽  
Flow Through

Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to toxaphene (55–1230 ng/liter) in a flow-through diluter system for 150 days. Growth was not affected by toxaphene for up to 90 days of exposure, but within 150 days it was significantly reduced at all concentrations. Collagen content of the backbone was decreased (P < 0.05), amino acid composition was changed, and calcium concentration was increased. Results from this study suggest that toxaphene altered the development and quality of the backbone, and induced biochemical manifestations of the "broken-back" syndrome. Radiographic analyses of the fish support our hypothesis that toxaphene induced a weakened, fragile backbone.

Effects of body size, body condition, and breeding state on responses to alarm cues by fathead minnows

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1351-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Pollock ◽  
R.J. Pollock ◽  
D.P. Chivers
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Nonbreeding Season

There is often considerable variation in the intensity of behavioural responses of prey to predation cues. The purpose of the current study was to determine the role of standard length (a correlate of age), body condition (a measure of energy reserves, calculated by mass/(standard length)3), and gonadosomatic index (state of reproduction, calculated by gonad mass / body mass) in the responses of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820) to damage-release alarm cues. Our data indicate that during the nonbreeding season longer/older minnows exhibited significantly increased antipredator responses compared with younger individuals. However, the significance of these correlations ceased during the breeding season. Data from the same trials failed to reveal a significant correlation between the intensity of antipredator behaviour and the body condition before or during the breeding season; the intensity of a minnow’s antipredator response was also not significantly correlated with its gonadosomatic index. These data are important in understanding factors affecting antipredator behaviour of minnows, as well as aiding researchers in determining potential time of year confounds in future studies.

Multiple effects of acid and aluminum on brood stock and progeny of fathead minnows, with emphasis on histopathology

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Leino ◽  
J. H. McCormick ◽  
K. M. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Brood Stock ◽  
Recruitment Failure ◽  
Yolk Absorption

Thirty-day-old fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were reared at different pH values in softened Lake Superior water enriched with aluminum: pH 7.5–35 μg Al/L, pH 5.5–30 μg Al/L, pH 5.2–35 and 60 μg Al/L, including a background level of 15 μg Al/L, and at pH 7.5, 6.0, 5.5, and 5.2 at background Al levels. Spawning was greatly reduced at pH 6.0, pH 5.5–30 μg Al/L, and pH 5.5 and failed at pH 5.2 with or without added Al. The adult brood stock exhibited abnormalities at low pH, which could have contributed to poor spawning success or energy utilization: (i) thickened respiratory epithelium in the gills, (ii) hyperplasia of primary lamellar epithelium in the gills, (iii) increased number of gill chloride cells, (iv) reduced gill perfusion, (v) immature ovaries and oocyte atresia, (vi) immature and pathologic testes, (vii) abnormal distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys, and (viii) reduced blood osmolality at pH 5.5 and 5.2 when no Al was added. Hatching success and larval survival were reduced when spawning occurred at or below pH 6.0; these larvae often had retarded swim bladder development and yolk absorption and some stages had abnormal gills, kidneys, and liver glycogen reserves. This study further supports the relationship between acidification, histological changes, ionoregulatory disturbances, altered energy metabolism, and recruitment failure.

Effect of Sample Storage Conditions on Body Burden Analysis of Organic Contaminants in Unionid Mussels

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheline Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sample Storage ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Unionid Mussels ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Abstract In order to quantitatively assess the effect of sample storage conditions on the body burden analysis of organic contaminants, a comparative analysis was carried out on the unionid mussel Elliptic complanata. The mussels were divided into two groups, each with distinct storage conditions, while Group A was kept in the freezer at −20°C, Group B was kept in the refrigerator for five days at 5°C. All the compounds present in the control were also present in Group B samples. Analysis of the organic contaminants in each of these two groups showed that for total PCB concentrations, the two treatments were not significantly different; however when compared individually 6 of the 13 PCB congeners showed significant differences. The observed differences were relatively small for individual PCB congeners (7.1 to 15.3%), higher for chlorobenzenes (10.5 to 36.4%), and yet higher for HCE (44.1%); the difference for HCE, although large is nevertheless not significant, even if only marginally so.

scholarly journals Decompression sickness risk in rats by microbial removal of dissolved gas

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. R677-R682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan R. Kayar ◽  
Terry L. Miller ◽  
Meyer J. Wolin ◽  
Eugenia O. Aukhert ◽  
Milton J. Axley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Hyperbaric Chamber ◽  
Methanobrevibacter Smithii ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Microbial Removal

We present a method for reducing the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) in rats exposed to high pressures of H2. Suspensions of the human colonic microbe Methanobrevibacter smithii were introduced via a colonic cannula into the large intestines of the rats. While the rats breathed H2in a hyperbaric chamber, the microbe metabolized some of the H2diffusing into the intestine, converting H2and CO2to methane and water. Rate of release of methane from the rats, which was monitored by gas chromatography, varied with chamber H2pressure. This rate was higher during decompression than during compression, suggesting that during decompression the microbe was metabolizing H2stored in the rats’ tissues. Rats treated with M. smithii had a 25% (5 of 20) incidence of DCS, which was significantly lower ( P < 0.01) than the 56% (28 of 50) incidence of untreated controls, brought on by a standardized compression and decompression sequence. Thus using a microbe in the intestine to remove an estimated 5% of the body burden of H2reduced DCS risk by more than one-half. This method of biochemical decompression may potentially facilitate human diving.

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