Effect of Shock Exposures of Chlorine on the Plasma Electrolyte Concentrations of Adult Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1034-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim H. Zeitoun ◽  
Leroy D. Hughes ◽  
Duane E. Ullrey
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Retention Mechanism ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte ◽  
Fish Blood ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Copper Zinc

Blood was pooled from randomly selected 3-yr-old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) before addition of chlorine to their water environment and afterward when fish began to gulp for air and lose equilibrium. In five duplicate tests, plasma concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, and potassium increased substantially in the stressed fish. Calcium concentration was also higher, but not significantly so in the plasma of the test fish as compared with those of the controls. Sodium was the only electrolyte that dropped substantially (P < 0.01) in the test fish as compared with the controls.Chlorine toxicity appeared to disturb the mineral homeostasis in the fish blood. Rapid recruitment of electrolytes from the environment and movement into the plasma, a strong mineral retention mechanism, or mobilization of body mineral stores worked together or individually to compensate for those minerals lost with water during hemoconcentration. Key words: rainbow trout, plasma electrolytes, chlorine, hemolysis, hematology, toxicology

Interrenal, Thyroidal, Carbohydrate, and Electrolyte Responses in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) during Recovery from the Effects of Acidification

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Brown ◽  
R. E. Evans ◽  
Toshiaki J. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Acid Exposure ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Nuclear Diameter ◽  
Fluid Compartment ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes

Exposure to acid-treated water (H2SO4, pH 4.76) for 21 d increased plasma glucose, protein, and cortisol levels and interrenal nuclear diameter and decreased plasma electrolytes (Na+, Cl−) and osmolality in immature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Plasma L-thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), or their ratio (T4:T3) were not altered by the acid treatment. Following termination of acid exposure, return to control levels was achieved within 1 d by plasma protein, 3 d by plasma cortisol, glucose, sodium, chloride, and osmolality, and 7 d by interrenal nuclear diameter. Thus, within 1 wk the studied aspects of the plasma fluid compartment had recovered from the effects of acid exposure.

Leucocrit: A Simple Hematological Technique for Measuring Acute Stress in Salmonid Fish, Including Stressful Concentrations of Pulpmill Effluent

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2156-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
Michael R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Fish Blood ◽  
Effluent Exposure ◽  
Stock Values

The number of leucocytes and thrombocytes in the circulating blood of fishes seems to reflect more accurately than the number of erythrocytes the fish's reaction to acute stress, including that caused by pollution. To facilitate the estimation of leucocytes in fish blood, a new test is being introduced called leucocrit, which is based on the determination of the volume of packed leucocytes–thrombocytes expressed as a percentage of the whole blood. For stocks of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held in freshwater under a variety of conditions, mean leucocrit values varied from 0.55 to 1.91%. Variations in age, species, food ration, degree of crowding, and prior disturbances offish stocks were associated with these differences. Leucocrit and leucocyte–thrombocyte counts for both species were depressed from stock values after 96-h or shorter (rainbow) exposure to stressful (high-temperature crowded) conditions; values for these measures were positively correlated but uncorrected with hematocrit values. Hematological values for subpopulations of underyearling rainbow trout reared under summer or winter photoperiod conditions were unaffected by photoperiod and responded similarly to acute stress. Leucocrit values for stocks of coho (1.30 ± 0.27%) and rainbow (0.92 ± 0.12%) were depressed due to transfer or acute exposure to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME). A 24-h exposure to BKME after 2 days' acclimation caused consistent leucocrit depressions, with median effective concentrations of 0.28 of the 96-h LC50 value for coho and 0.16 LC50 for rainbow. Hematocrit showed less sensitive or consistent changes due to stress or effluent exposure than leucocrit. Key words: leucocrit, leucocyte–thrombocyte count, hematocrit, blood, acute stress, BKME, pulpmill effluent, sublethal, salmonid fish, applications

Purging a Muddy–Earthy Flavor Taint from Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) by Transferring to Artificial and Natural Holding Environments

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Iredale ◽  
R. K. York
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Clear Water ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Sensory Data ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Artificial Water

Studies were conducted to determine the length of time required to purge a muddy–earthy flavor taint from pond cultured rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) transferred to two different clear water environments. Sensory data from trained judges show that this required 5 days for fish transferred to a rapidly changing purified artificial water environment and 16 days for fish transferred to a relatively static natural water environment to reduce this taint to or below threshold levels of recognition.

scholarly journals Studies on the nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Magnesium deficiency: the effect of feeding with a Mg-supplemented diet

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Knox ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
And Control

1. For a period of 8 weeks, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), mean initial weight 21 g, were given either a low-magnesium or control diet containing 0·03 and 0·58 g Mg/kg diet respectively. Both groups of trout were then given the control diet for a further 11 weeks.2. Weight gains over the initial 8-week period were lowest in the Mg-deficient trout. Feeding the deficient fish the control diet rapidly improved growth rate until it was the same as that of the control trout.3. Plasma Mg was significantly lower in the Mg-deficient trout at week 8. Feeding with the control diet for 11 weeks did not increase plasma Mg. Few changes were observed in the plasma concentrations of the other electrolytes.4. Renal calcium concentrations were unaffected by dietary Mg levels. Similarly, the renal levels of phosphorus, sodium and potassium all fell within the range found in normal rainbow trout.5. Muscle Mg concentrations were reduced in those trout given the Mg-deficient diet. Feeding with the control diet for a further 11 weeks increased muscle Mg but the level was still significantly lower than that found in trout given the control diet for 19 weeks.6. The bone ash Mg concentration was significantly lower, and the Ca higher, in the deficient fish at week 8, when compared with the control group.7. When compared with the value at the start of the experiment, total bone Mg fell slightly in the deficient trout over the initial 8-week period, but increased in the control group of fish. Feeding with the control diet for a further 11 weeks increased total bone Mg in both Mg-deficient trout and control trout.8. The results show that the Mg deficiency imposed on the rainbow trout was of limited severity and almost complete recovery was obtained when the control diet was fed.

Ceratomyxa shasta: Longevity, Distribution, Timing, and Abundance of the Infective Stage In Central Oregon

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1622-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Ratliff
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Peak Abundance ◽  
Deschutes River

Characteristics of the infective stage of Ceratomyxa shasta were studied in the Deschutes River of central Oregon from 1972 through 1981. The infective stage remained viable < 10 d in Deschutes River water maintained in aerated, river-temperature-controlled aquaria. Live-cage exposures of susceptible rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) indicated that infectious C. shasta emanate from the bottoms of two reservoirs. Epilimnions of both reservoirs did not contain the infective stage during thermally stratified periods. Infectious C. shasta originating in one reservoir passed down the Deschutes and Columbia rivers. During spring and summer, infectious C. shasta in the other reservoir did not reach the outlet, located 56 m above the bottom. In the Deschutes River, the infective period began before March 31 in 1978, between April 3 and 10 in 1979, and between April 16 and 23 in 1981 when river temperatures were between 6.9 and 8.6 °C. Consecutive exposures of trout to the same water in aquaria indicated that all infectious C. shasta were removed or inactivated during initial exposures. Progressively doubling numbers of test fish exposed in different aquaria showed that one C. shasta is capable of causing the death of one susceptible fingerling rainbow trout. Peak abundance of C. shasta in Deschutes River water during 1979 was estimated at 148 infectious units/m3 on June 4. Abundance decreased significantly between 1978 and 1981, presumably because of elimination of ceratomyxosis-caused deaths of hatchery rainbow trout and associated spore deposition in one reservoir. Both the formation of reservoirs and liberation of susceptible host fish can lead to an increased number of C. shasta, and result in serious C. shasta-induced losses in native salmonid populations.

Catecholamine and Carbohydrate Concentrations in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Relation to Physical Disturbance

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nakano ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Physical Disturbance ◽  
High Liver

In rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) blood plasma concentrations of adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NAD), and liver and heart concentrations of AD increased in response to severe physical disturbance. Skeletal muscle and anterior kidney concentrations of AD and NAD did not change detectably. Maximum plasma concentrations observed during disturbance of the fish were 0.20–0.36 μg AD and 0.05–0.09 μg NAD/ml. These plasma concentrations decreased relatively rapidly during recovery of the fish.Plasma glucose concentrations increased in response to disturbance, the magnitude and duration of the hyperglycemia being greater in those fish with initially high liver glycogen reserves. Liver glycogen concentrations in those fish with initially high (ca. 7%) concentrations apparently decreased in response to disturbance and increased during recovery of the fish, but no change was detected in liver glycogen concentrations in fish in which they were initially low (ca. 2.5%). Heart and skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations decreased in response to disturbance and increased during recovery.In skeletal muscle, the concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate and the proportion of phosphorylase in the a form increased in response to disturbance of the fish and decreased thereafter.

Osmoregulatory and Hematological Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Extended Environmental Acidification

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1686-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Giles ◽  
H. S. Majewski ◽  
B. Hobden
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration

The dose-dependent relationships of several physiological responses to acid were examined in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed for 22 d to water at pH 4.2–6.0. Significant increases in ventilatory and cardiac rates occurred at pHw < 4.9. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration increased progressively with acid stress at pHw < 5.5. Plasma calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride concentrations were reduced and plasma phosphate elevated in acid-exposed fish. Seasonal differences were observed in the quantitative responses to acid exposure in the relationship between hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration and in the plasma concentrations of calcium and magnesium. The fractional contribution of sodium and chloride to plasma osmolality decreased linearly with increasing hydrogen ion concentration, and the change in plasma sodium, chloride, and osmolality per unit change in pHw was 35.2 mmol/L, 39.7 mmol/L, and 47.4 mosmol/kg, respectively, in the pH range of 4.5–5.2. We concluded that the discrepancy between the reduction in plasma osmotic pressure and the combined reduction in the major plasma electrolytes is a result of the elevation in concentration of an unidentified plasma solute which offsets 40–45% of the expected reduction in osmotic pressure.

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) — A Modifying Factor in Toxicity

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 880-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. George Dixon ◽  
John B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Zinc Tolerance ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Graded Response ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tolerance To Copper ◽  
Control Water

Lethal tolerance to copper by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) increased by 60, 106, and 90% following 3-wk exposures to 0.29, 0.40, and 0.59 of the mean control incipient lethal level (ILL), 330 μg Cu/L (SD = 30; n = 25). A lower level of exposure, 0.38 ILL, represented a threshold for the onset of acclimation as tolerance was unaffected. Exposure at 0.09 ILL sensitized the trout, reducing their tolerance by 20%. The three-dimensional response surface for tolerance thus resembled a ski jump, with increases in tolerance for both duration and concentration of exposure above the threshold and sensitization below it. Because of the graded response, lethal tests on acclimated fish could be useful for rapid initial estimates of sublethal thresholds of response. Impact on growth was almost opposite to change in tolerance. Growth was reduced at 0.29, 0.40, and 0.59 ILL, enhanced at 0.18 ILL, and unaffected at 0.09 ILL. Acclimation to copper was not retained. That induced by 0.40 ILL was gradually lost during 3 wk in control water. A 4-wk exposure of fish to 0.59 ILL of copper resulted in sensitization to lethal levels of zinc. Tolerance to zinc decreased by 56%, the ILL of zinc dropping from 6.2 to 2.7 mg/L.Key words: tolerance, resistance, acclimation, copper, zinc, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; toxicity

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