Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) — A Modifying Factor in Toxicity

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 880-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. George Dixon ◽  
John B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Zinc Tolerance ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Graded Response ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tolerance To Copper ◽  
Control Water

Lethal tolerance to copper by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) increased by 60, 106, and 90% following 3-wk exposures to 0.29, 0.40, and 0.59 of the mean control incipient lethal level (ILL), 330 μg Cu/L (SD = 30; n = 25). A lower level of exposure, 0.38 ILL, represented a threshold for the onset of acclimation as tolerance was unaffected. Exposure at 0.09 ILL sensitized the trout, reducing their tolerance by 20%. The three-dimensional response surface for tolerance thus resembled a ski jump, with increases in tolerance for both duration and concentration of exposure above the threshold and sensitization below it. Because of the graded response, lethal tests on acclimated fish could be useful for rapid initial estimates of sublethal thresholds of response. Impact on growth was almost opposite to change in tolerance. Growth was reduced at 0.29, 0.40, and 0.59 ILL, enhanced at 0.18 ILL, and unaffected at 0.09 ILL. Acclimation to copper was not retained. That induced by 0.40 ILL was gradually lost during 3 wk in control water. A 4-wk exposure of fish to 0.59 ILL of copper resulted in sensitization to lethal levels of zinc. Tolerance to zinc decreased by 56%, the ILL of zinc dropping from 6.2 to 2.7 mg/L.Key words: tolerance, resistance, acclimation, copper, zinc, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; toxicity

scholarly journals Downstream pH Changes in Water Flowing Over the Gills of Rainbow Trout

1986 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 499-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA WRIGHT ◽  
TOM HEMING ◽  
DAVID RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Stopped Flow ◽  
Water Acidification ◽  
Interlamellar Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Ph Stat ◽  
Control Water

We investigated the pH of interlamellar water of trout (Salmo gairdneri) by following changes in the downstream pH of expired water using a stopped-flow method. As water flowed over the gills of control fish, there was a significant decrease in water pH. Acetazolamide added to the water increased the CO2 disequilibrium, while carbonic anhydrase (CA) eliminated the CO2 disequilibrium relative to control water. Mucus excreted by the fish was found to contain CA activity by the pH-stat technique. We conclude water acidification is due to the conversion of excreted CO2 to HCO3− and H+ at the gill surface.

Recovery of Planted Brook Trout, Splake, and Rainbow Trout from Selected Ontario Lakes

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Brook Stickleback

Recoveries of hatchery-reared brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), splake (Salvelinus namaycush × S. fontinalis), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), planted in lakes having different resident fishes, were highest (9–30%) in a lake in which minnows and the brook stickleback were the only other fishes. Recoveries, by angling and gillnetting, were considerably lower (2–15%) in two lakes containing the white sucker and minnows, and still lower (0.5–5%,) in two lakes containing spiny-rayed species as well. Recoveries were lowest (< 0.5%) in a lake having a complex fish community that included native brook and lake trout. Planted splake and rainbow trout generally yielded higher returns, in weight, than brook trout in comparable situations.The low survival of planted fish was apparently due to the low fertility of the waters and to competition with, or predation by, resident fish species. Predation by fish-eating birds and mammals may also have had an effect.The weight of the catch of salmonids exceeded the weight planted in only one lake. Here, the mean yield of planted salmonids was 8.4 kg/ha per year in comparison with 2.6 to < 0.5 kg/ha per year in the five other study lakes.

Effect of Shock Exposures of Chlorine on the Plasma Electrolyte Concentrations of Adult Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1034-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim H. Zeitoun ◽  
Leroy D. Hughes ◽  
Duane E. Ullrey
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Retention Mechanism ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte ◽  
Fish Blood ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Copper Zinc

Blood was pooled from randomly selected 3-yr-old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) before addition of chlorine to their water environment and afterward when fish began to gulp for air and lose equilibrium. In five duplicate tests, plasma concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, and potassium increased substantially in the stressed fish. Calcium concentration was also higher, but not significantly so in the plasma of the test fish as compared with those of the controls. Sodium was the only electrolyte that dropped substantially (P < 0.01) in the test fish as compared with the controls.Chlorine toxicity appeared to disturb the mineral homeostasis in the fish blood. Rapid recruitment of electrolytes from the environment and movement into the plasma, a strong mineral retention mechanism, or mobilization of body mineral stores worked together or individually to compensate for those minerals lost with water during hemoconcentration. Key words: rainbow trout, plasma electrolytes, chlorine, hemolysis, hematology, toxicology

Effects of dietary copper and copper: Zinc ratio on rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Aquaculture ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Knox ◽  
Colin B. Cowey ◽  
John W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Copper Zinc

Electron Holographic Nano-Characterization of Gold Catalyst at Interface

2002 ◽  
Vol 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ichikawa ◽  
T. Akita ◽  
M. Okumura ◽  
M. Haruta ◽  
K. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Gold Catalyst ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Oxide Support ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Charge

AbstractThe catalytic properties of nanostructured gold catalyst are known to depend on the size of the gold particles and to be activated when the size decreases to a few nanometers. We investigated the size dependence of the three-dimensional nanostructure on the mean inner potential of gold catalysts supported on titanium oxide using electron holography and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The contact angle of the gold particles on the titanium oxide tended to be over 90° for gold particles with a size of over 5 nm, and below 90° for a size of below 2 nm. This decreasing change in the contact angle (morphology) acts to increase the perimeter and hence the area of the interface between the gold and titanium oxide support, which is considered to be an active site for CO oxidation. The mean inner potential of the gold particles also changed as their size decreased. The value of the inner potential of gold, which is approximately 25 V in bulk state, rose to over 40 V when the size of the gold particles was less than 2 nm. This phenomenon indicates the existence of a charge transfer at the interface between gold and titanium oxide. The 3-D structure change and the inner potential change should be attributed to the specific electronic structure at the interface, owing to both the “nano size effect” and the “hetero-interface effect.”

The Influence of Blade Wakes on the Performance of Interturbine Diffusers

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Dominy ◽  
D. A. Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Performance Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Correct Performance ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Flow Factor ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lp Turbine

Interturbine diffusers provide continuity between HP and LP turbines while diffusing the flow upstream of the LP turbine. Increasing the mean turbine diameter offers the potential advantage of reducing the flow factor in the following stages, leading to increased efficiency. The flows associated with these interturbine diffusers differ from those in simple annular diffusers both as a consequence of their high-curvature S-shaped geometry and of the presence of wakes created by the upstream turbine. It is shown that even the simplest two-dimensional wakes result in significantly modified flows through such ducts. These introduce strong secondary flows demonstrating that fully three-dimensional, viscous analysis methods are essential for correct performance modeling.

Temperature Selection of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings in Vertical and Horizontal Gradients

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley ◽  
W. L. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients ◽  
Selection Of

Preferred temperatures of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined in both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. No statistically significant difference was found between the preferred temperatures by the two different methods. This suggests that the nature of the gradient plays a lesser role than generally believed in laboratory investigations of temperature preference.

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