Osmoregulatory and Hematological Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Extended Environmental Acidification

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1686-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Giles ◽  
H. S. Majewski ◽  
B. Hobden
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration

The dose-dependent relationships of several physiological responses to acid were examined in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed for 22 d to water at pH 4.2–6.0. Significant increases in ventilatory and cardiac rates occurred at pHw < 4.9. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration increased progressively with acid stress at pHw < 5.5. Plasma calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride concentrations were reduced and plasma phosphate elevated in acid-exposed fish. Seasonal differences were observed in the quantitative responses to acid exposure in the relationship between hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration and in the plasma concentrations of calcium and magnesium. The fractional contribution of sodium and chloride to plasma osmolality decreased linearly with increasing hydrogen ion concentration, and the change in plasma sodium, chloride, and osmolality per unit change in pHw was 35.2 mmol/L, 39.7 mmol/L, and 47.4 mosmol/kg, respectively, in the pH range of 4.5–5.2. We concluded that the discrepancy between the reduction in plasma osmotic pressure and the combined reduction in the major plasma electrolytes is a result of the elevation in concentration of an unidentified plasma solute which offsets 40–45% of the expected reduction in osmotic pressure.

Effect of Prior Acid Exposure on Physiological Responses of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Acute Handling Stress

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Barton ◽  
Gary S. Weirter ◽  
Cars B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Acid Exposure ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Acid-stressed fish appear to be more sensitive to additional stressors than unstressed fish. When juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were exposed to acid conditions (pH 5.7–4.7) for 5 d, plasma cortisol was affected only slightly during the initial hours of exposure, but plasma glucose and hematocrit increased, and plasma sodium decreased. However, when fish held at pH 4.7 were subsequently subjected to a 30-s handling stress, poststress plasma cortisol rose to a peak level of more than twice that in handled fish held at ambient pH (6.6). Effects of handling on plasma glucose or sodium were not apparent against levels already altered by the chronic acid exposure, judging by the corticosteroid response, we conclude that the acid-stressed fish were more sensitive to additional handling, even though they appeared to be physiologically normal after 5 d. Thus, as a management consideration, when fish are stocked in acidified waters, care should be taken to avoid situations where the fish may encounter additional disturbances in the new environment. Plasma glucose and sodium were better indicators of chronic acid stress alone than plasma cortisol, but the greater cortisol response to handling at low pH may be a useful method of detecting increased interrenal activity during early stages of environmental acidification.

THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS ON THE TISSUE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF THE FRESH-WATER RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI)

1963 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. HOLMES ◽  
D. G. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Transient Rise ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

SUMMARY The effects were studied of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in muscle and blood plasma and on water content of muscle in the fresh-water rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). These steroids appeared to cause a loss in plasma sodium throughout the 96 hr. experimental period. An initial rise in muscle sodium was observed during the first 24 hr. after commencement of the treatments. The subsequent decline in muscle sodium was interrupted by a transient rise followed by a continuing decline. The effect of these hormones on the potassium concentrations in plasma was variable, although there was a significant rise in the potassium concentration in muscle during the period of decline in sodium concentration. The significance of these results in relation to the possible enhanced adrenocortical activity of the trout during adaptation to a marine environment is discussed.

Influence of opioid peptides on release from vasopressin and oxytocin neurones of the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system: effects of naloxone in the conscious rat

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savio W. T. Cheng ◽  
Edward F. O'Connor ◽  
William G. North
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Opioid Peptides ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Acute And Chronic Treatments

We examined the effects of acute and chronic treatments with naloxone on release of vasopressin and oxytocin from the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system (HNS) in conscious, chronically instrumented Long–Evans rats. Plasma concentrations of vasopressin-associated neurophysin and oxytocin-associated neurophysin were evaluated before and during an intravenous infusion of 18% saline at 100 μL∙kg−1 body weight∙min−1 for 60 min. Acute treatment with naloxone (2.75 μmol/kg, intravenous) did not measurably alter basal plasma osmolality or vasopressin-associated neurophysin concentration, but it caused a three-fold rise in basal plasma oxytocin-associated neurophysin concentration (16 ± 2 to 46 ± 3 fmol/mL, p < 0.005). Chronic treatment with naloxone (13.75 μmol/day, subcutaneous pellets) increased plasma osmolality (292 ± 1 to 300 ± 2 mosmol/kg H2O, p < 0.01) by day 5, but it had no measurable effects on basal vasopressin- or oxytocin-associated neurophysin concentration. There were also no significant differences in plasma sodium concentration (144.8 ± 1.1 vs. 142.2 ± 1.4 mequiv./L) under both conditions. Acute and chronic treatments with naloxone accompanied by salt loading produced a five- and four-fold decrease in the rates that plasma concentration of vasopressin-associated neurophysin changed with plasma osmolality, compared with untreated salt-loaded control rats. For oxytocin secretion from the HNS, both treatments accompanied by salt loading substantially decreased the threshold for changes in relation to plasma osmolality; the rise in plasma concentration of oxytocin-associated neurophysin was similar at all levels of hyperosmotic stimulation. A strongly correlated relationship between plasma oxytocin-associated neurophysin and plasma osmolality (r = 0.739) found for control animals became poorly correlated following treatments (acute, r = 0.173; chronic, r = −0.079). Our results suggest that in conscious rats, endogenous opioid peptides enhance the secretion of vasopressin from neurones of the HNS in response to hyperosmotic stimulation but inhibit both basal and stimulated release of oxytocin.Key words: naloxone, vasopressin, oxytocin, neurophysin, conscious rats.

Electrolyte and Water Balance in Plasma and Urine of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) during Chronic Exposure to Cadmium

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1678-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to 3.6 and 6.4 μg Cd/L for periods up to 178 d. Transitory changes in plasma calcium and magnesium were observed in fish exposed to 3.6 μg Cd/L although the differences were not significant. Exposure to 6.4 μg Cd/L, however, resulted in significantly lowered plasma sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride and elevated magnesium concentrations. Analyses of urine indicated that the rate of urine production, osmolality, and sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, and protein concentrations were unaffected by exposure to 3.6 μg Cd/L although slight changes were observed in the first week of exposure. Urine production rate and urinary concentrations of potassium and chloride were unaffected in trout exposed to 6.4 μg Cd/L but sodium, protein, and osmolality were elevated and calcium and magnesium concentrations reduced in these fish. The results demonstrate that the majority of the cadmium-induced electrolyte imbalances do not result from impairment of renal function.

scholarly journals SOME CONSEQUENCES OF THE THEORY OF MEMBRANE EQUILIBRIA

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Ionization Constant ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Weak Base ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Pass Through

In applying Donnan's theory of membrane equilibria to systems where the non-diffusible ion is furnished by a weak acid, base, or ampholyte, certain new relations have been derived. Equations have been deduced which give the ion ratio and the apparent osmotic pressure as functions of the concentration and ionization constant of the weak electrolyte, and of the hydrogen ion concentration in its solution. The conditions for maximum values of these two properties have been formulated. It is pointed out that the progressive addition of acid to a system containing a non-diffusible weak base should not cause the value of the membrane potential to rise, pass through a maximum, and fall, but should only cause it to diminish. It is shown that the theory predicts slight differences in the effect of salts on the ion ratio in such systems, the effect increasing with the valence of the cation.

scholarly journals ION SERIES AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS

1921 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Depressing Effect ◽  
Protein Solution ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Protein Ions

1. Ions with the opposite sign of charge as that of a protein ion diminish the swelling, osmotic pressure, and viscosity of the protein. Ions with the same sign of charge as the protein ion (with the exception of H and OH ions) seem to have no effect on these properties as long as the concentrations of electrolytes used are not too high. 2. The relative depressing effect of different ions on the physical properties of proteins is a function only of the valency and sign of charge of the ion, ions of the same sign of charge and the same valency having practically the same depressing effect on gelatin solutions of the same pH while the depressing effect increases rapidly with an increase in the valency of the ion. 3. The Hofmeister series of ions are the result of an error due to the failure to notice the influence of the addition of a salt upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the protein solution. As a consequence of this failure, effects caused by a variation in the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution were erroneously attributed to differences in the nature of the ions of the salts used. 4. It is not safe to draw conclusions concerning specific effects of ions on the swelling, osmotic pressure, or viscosity of gelatin when the concentration of electrolytes in the solution exceeds M/16, since at that concentration the values of these properties are near the minimum characteristic of the isoelectric point.

scholarly journals Distinguishing Low and High Water Consumers—A Paradigm of Disease Risk

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence E. Armstrong ◽  
Colleen X. Muñoz ◽  
Elizabeth M. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
High Volume ◽  
High Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Tract Infections

A long-standing body of clinical observations associates low 24-h total water intake (TWI = water + beverages + food moisture) with acute renal disorders such as kidney stones and urinary tract infections. These findings prompted observational studies and experimental interventions comparing habitual low volume (LOW) and high volume (HIGH) drinkers. Investigators have learned that the TWI of LOW and HIGH differ by 1–2 L·d−1, their hematological values (e.g., plasma osmolality, plasma sodium) are similar and lie within the laboratory reference ranges of healthy adults and both groups appear to successfully maintain water-electrolyte homeostasis. However, LOW differs from HIGH in urinary biomarkers (e.g., reduced urine volume and increased osmolality or specific gravity), as well as higher plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and cortisol. Further, evidence suggests that both a low daily TWI and/or elevated plasma AVP influence the development and progression of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Based on these studies, we propose a theory of increased disease risk in LOW that involves chronic release of fluid-electrolyte (i.e., AVP) and stress (i.e., cortisol) hormones. This narrative review describes small but important differences between LOW and HIGH, advises future investigations and provides practical dietary recommendations for LOW that are intended to decrease their risk of chronic diseases.

Ecophysiology and Mercury Accumulation of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) When Exposed to Mercury in Various Concentrations of Chloride

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Z. Walczak ◽  
U. Theodore Hammer ◽  
P. Ming Huang
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Mercury Accumulation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Plasma Sodium Level ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) mortality was 100% when exposed to HgCl2 (2–10 μg∙Hg2+∙L−1) for 14 d in a natural low chloride medium. There was no mortality if the medium contained 100, 200, or 400 mg Cl−∙L−1 or more. Accumulation of mercury was highest in kidneys (0.65–13 μg∙g−1), spleen (0.31–4.2), gills (0.46–4.15), and liver (0.53–2.1) but accumulations differed for periods of exposure (14 or 42 d) and chloride concentration in the medium (100 or 200 mg Cl−∙L−1). In rainbow trout exposed to HgCl2 for 42 d, there were significant increases in plasma sodium level at 200 mg Cl−∙L−1 and significant decreases in plasma potassium, albumin, α1-globulin, and β-globulin levels in 100 mg Cl−∙L−1. No significant changes occurred in these parameters at other chloride concentrations or in erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell counts, or chloride plasma levels. Although chloride concentrations in the media affect mercury accumulation by different organs as well as affecting physiological functions, there appears to be no direct relationship except for reduced mortality.

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