Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity: I. Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Vigorous Exercise

During the summers of 1953, 1954 and 1955, experiments were carried out on the effects of muscular exercise on hatchery-raised yearling and two-year-old Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, at the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. Following 15 minutes of vigorous exercise at 11.5 °C. the blood level of lactic acid in yearlings increased from the unexercised level of 16 mg.% to 100 mg.% and then continued to increase still further during the first 2 hours of recovery to 170 mg.%, to subside in 4 to 6 hours toward the pre-exercise level. Similar changes occurred in two-year-olds, but the levels were lower in all cases, and the time course was slower. Studies were also made on hemoglobin levels, on blood glucose changes in two-year-olds, and on the relation of oxygen levels and temperature to the blood levels of lactic acid in yearlings. Cardiac rates were also measured. Observations were made on the blood level of lactic acid in moderate exercise in yearlings. The results indicate that most of the features of fatigue in the trout are in keeping with the pattern of changes in mammals. However, there were important differences in the time course of rise and fall of lactic acid to and from the blood. It is suggested that these differences may be due to the effects of lowered temperature in reducing the rate of diffusion of lactic acid between extracellular fluids and the sites of production and removal of the metabolites of muscular activity. Some implications of the results to the behaviour of fishes and death due to over-exertion are discussed.

Changes in Levels of Hemoglobin, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Pyruvate, and Lactate in Venous Blood of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) During and Following Severe Muscular Activity

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black ◽  
Glenville T. Manning ◽  
Koichiro Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Fish Swimming

The effects of severe muscular exercise were studied in [Formula: see text]-year-old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of blood taken from the heart together with alterations in blood levels of pyruvate and lactate were followed in 14 separate conditions. Observations were also made on fish swimming steadily in a rotating annulus.

Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity.: III. Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

The blood level of lactic acid in hatchery-raised sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, was studied following 15 minutes of vigorous muscular activity. Yearling salmon acclimated and exercised in fresh water showed a sevenfold increase in blood lactic acid following activity, increasing still further during the first two hours of recovery, as in the Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri. Yearling salmon acclimated in sea water for two days and then exercised exhibited higher immediate increase in lactic acid and showed less fatigue. The sea water appeared to aid the yearling salmon in coping with fatigue products. However, two-year-old salmon that had been acclimated a year and a half in sea water showed the same change in lactic acid following exercise as the yearlings in fresh water. Five of 19 two-year-old salmon died following the exercise.

Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity.: II. Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lactic Acid Level ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
High Level

During the summer of 1954, 1½-year-old, hatchery-raised lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, were subjected to 15 minutes of severe muscular exercise at the trout hatchery at Summerland, B.C. Following exercise, fish were allowed to recover for various intervals up to 24 hours. Blood samples were taken and analyzed. The hemoglobin levels did not change significantly, the blood glucose increased significantly during the second hour of recovery. Except for dips at the 6th and 12th hours, this high level of glucose persisted to the end of 24 hours. The blood level of lactic acid increased sevenfold immediately following exercise and continued to increase during the first two hours of recovery. The lactic acid level declined rapidly between the 2nd and 6th hour. The initial low unexercised level was reached by the end of 24 hours. The hemoglobin and lactic acid changes were very similar to those noted for Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri.

scholarly journals Lactate and Proton Dynamics in the Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY D. TURNER ◽  
CHRIS M. WOOD ◽  
DONNA CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Intracellular Acidosis ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Acid Load

Chronically cannulated rainbow trout were subjected to 6 min of severe burst exercise and monitored over a 12 h recovery period. There were short-lived increases in haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma protein, Na+ and Cl− levels. Plasma [Cl−] later declined below normal as organic anions accumulated. A much larger and more prolonged elevation in plasma [K+] probably resulted from intracellular acidosis. An intense extracellular acidosis was initially of equal respiratory (i.e. Pa,COa,CO2) a nd metabolic (i.e. ΔH+m) origin. However Pa,COa,CO2 was rapidly corrected while the metabolic component persisted. Plasma ammonia increases had negligible influence on acid-base status. Elevations in blood lactate (ΔLa−) were equal to ΔH+m immediately post-exercise but later rose to twice the latter. Simultaneous white muscle biopsies and blood samples demonstrated that muscle to blood gradients of lactate and pyruvate were maximal immediately post-exercise. As blood levels rose and muscle levels declined, an approximate equilibrium was reached after 4 h of recovery. Intra-arterial infusions of lactic acid in resting trout produced a severe but rapidly corrected metabolic acidosis. The rates of disappearance of ΔH+m and ΔLa− from the blood were equal. Infusions of similar amounts of sodium lactate produced a small, prolonged metabolic alkalosis with a much slower ΔLa− disappearance rate. It is suggested that the excess of ΔLa− over ΔH+m in the blood after exercise is associated with differential release rates of the two species from white muscle rather than differential removal rates from the bloodstream, and that the majority of the lactic acid load in muscle is removed by metabolism in situ.

Changes in pH, Carbonate and Lactate of the Blood of Yearling Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri, During and Following Severe Muscular Activity

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black ◽  
Wing-gay Chiu ◽  
Francis D. Forbes ◽  
Arthur Hanslip
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Initial Rise ◽  
Initial Figure

Alterations in the blood levels of lactate, carbonate, hydrogen ion and hemoglobin following vigorous muscular exercise were studied in yearling Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, over four years.Lactate increased during exercise and during the first 2 hours of rest, returning to the initial level after 6 to 8 hours. Carbonate increased to a maximum during the first 3 minutes of exercise, then dropped precipitously to a minimum far below the initial level after [Formula: see text] hour of rest, later rose to near the initial level at the 4th hour of recovery, maintained this until the 12th hour, but it had decreased again at the 24th hour. Hydrogen ion concentration rose sharply during the first 3 minutes of activity, then fell off to a stable level a little above the initial figure until the end of exercise, after which it fell substantially below initial level and had not completely recovered after 24 hours of rest. A marked decrease in swimming rate occurred after 3 minutes exercise, following the initial rise of carbonate and hydrogen ion concentration.

A note on draught capacity in castrated and entire male buffaloes as reflected in some blood constituents

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Nangia ◽  
R. D. Rana ◽  
Narinder Singh ◽  
A. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Icteric Index ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTCastrated and entire male buffalo calves of about 2 years of age were made to work by pulling a stone roller weighing 80 kg at a constant speed of about 3 km/h on even ‘Kachha’ ground for 3 h. Blood levels of lactic acid and pyruvic acid and the Icteric index increased, whereas blood levels of bicarbonate and proteins decreased in response to exercise. No change was observed in blood glucose or chloride levels. There was no difference in the concentrations of blood constituents of the two groups.

scholarly journals Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilisation of oxygen. Part IX. —Muscular activity and carbohydrate metabolism in the normal individual

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (687) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Normal Individual ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Percent Loss ◽  
Severe Exercise

It has long been discussed what substance is primarily responsible for the provision of energy in muscular contraction. The protein hypothesis of Liebig was abandoned in his later years. It was found that the greater excretion of uric acid, or the appearance of creatinin after severe exercise, was merely due to the splitting of the components of muscular tissue, i. e ., protein is not used for the provision of energy. Chauveau (1) assumed the conversion of fat into carbohydrate and a 30 percent, loss of energy in this conversion. Chauveau’s conclusion was discussed by Zuntz (2). He put forward the assumption that the muscles, whether resting or active, utilise fat and carbohydrate in the proportion in which these are presented to them.

METABOLIC EFFECTS OF UREA ADMINISTRATION ON ACUTE HYPOTHERMIA IN RATS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Successful Resuscitation ◽  
Glucose Levels

Acute hypothermia (15 °C rectal temperature) has been induced in fasted rats with and without prior intraperitoneal administration of urea. In the hypothermic animal, not given urea, blood glucose and pH were significantly decreased; blood lactic acid, inorganic phosphorus, and packed cell volume were significantly increased; no alterations occurred in blood levels of pyruvic acid, total acid-soluble phosphorus, urea, nor amino nitrogen. Prior administration of urea prevented significant alterations of blood glucose and lactic acid in the cooled animal. In the non-cooled animal, urea treatment resulted in elevated blood glucose levels. These effects are discussed in relation to the beneficial action of urea in permitting successful resuscitation and survival in a normal condition of rats cooled to rectal temperatures of 0–3 °C.

Effect of Adrenal Hormones on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Riboflavin and Pantothenic Acid-Deficient Dogs

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotte Arnrich ◽  
Mary Ruth Nelson ◽  
Mary Rose Gram ◽  
Agnes Fay Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Swimming Stress ◽  
Fatty Livers ◽  
Riboflavin Deficient

Fasting blood lactic acid levels rose 100% in 11–13 weeks in riboflavin-deficient dogs as did in lesser degree blood pyruvic acid. Eosinopenia was marked also in this deficiency but eosinophilia characterized late pantothenic acid deficiency. Swimming stress caused excessive rises in blood glucose and lactic acid in riboflavin-deficient but not in pantothenic acid-deficient and normal dogs. Marked eosinopenia was caused by swimming in the normal but not in any of the deficient animals. The normal and pantothenic acid-deficient dogs, following epinephrine treatment, showed the usual rise and fall in blood glucose and lactic acid, increased liver glycogen and marked eosinopenia. Cortisone treatment produced lowering of glucose and lactic acid blood levels in normal and riboflavin-deficient dogs but a rise in glucose in the pantothenic acid-deficient animals. Enlarged and hemorrhagic adrenals of lowered ascorbic acid content were usually found in the severely riboflavin-deficient dogs but significantly fatty livers only in the animals which had succumbed in hypoglycemic collapse. The pantothenic acid-deficient dogs had adrenals of nearly normal composition in spite of hemorrhagic lesions and moderately fatty livers. The adrenal cholesterol was normal in both deficiencies. In riboflavin-deficiency in both stressed and unstressed conditions, dogs manifest some signs of hypoxia, hypersensitivity or over-production of epinephrine but no adrenal cortical failure. Pantothenic acid-deficient dogs show little evidence of hypoxia or epinephrine sensitivity but signs of hypocorticalism.

scholarly journals Adrenaline and muscular exercise

1939 ◽  
Vol 127 (848) ◽  
pp. 288-297 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Resting Metabolism

The mobilization of liver glycogen under the influence of adrenaline has generally been regarded as a factor which may be of importance during muscular exercise, since it may facilitate the transference of glucose to the active muscles. It is, however, by no means clear whether or not this will result in an enhanced use of carbohydrate as a source of energy in the muscles. Dill, Edwards and de Meio (1935) found that a subcutaneous injection of 0·5-1·0 mg. adrenaline during muscular work increases the respiratory quotient and the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the blood, and concluded that the rise of quotient is mainly due to an increase in the proportion of carbohydrate oxidized. We ourselves (Courtice, Douglas and Priestley 1939), after following in detail the behaviour of the respiratory quotient after the administration of adrenaline and insulin to the resting subject, felt doubtful whether this conclusion was justified, and we have now made a further series of observations on the influence of the subcutaneous injection of adrenaline during muscular exercise. We have followed the same general procedure as in our previous experi­ments, using the same methods for the determination of the respiratory exchange, the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the blood, and the CO 2 combining power of the blood. The subject was always in the post-absorptive state. After making preliminary determinations of the respiratory exchange and taking blood samples whilst at complete rest reclining in a deck chair, continuous work was done at a steady rate on a Krogh electric brake bicycle ergometer for a period of 2½-3 hr., conditions being kept comfortable by the draught from an electric fan. We restricted our observations to either light or moderate work so that there should be no risk of the added complication of the accumulation of a material excess of lactic acid in the blood as a result of the mere muscular activity, as well as to avoid fatigue since neither of the two subjects, Courtice and Douglas, were in athletic training. We felt, too, that any change in the respiratory quotient caused by adrenaline might become relatively insignificant, and therefore more difficult to interpret, if the total respiratory exchange were greatly exaggerated. Light work was equivalent to 210 kg. m./min., involving an oxygen consumption during the first half hour of about 680 c. c./min. in Courtice and 750 c. c. in Douglas, or rather more than thrice the resting metabolism, and moderate work was equivalent to 700 kg. m./min., involving an oxygen consumption during the first half hour of about 1540 c. c./min. in Courtice, or seven times the resting metabolism. Adrenaline chloride (Parke, Davis and Co., 1 : 1000 solution) was injected subcutaneously into the upper arm after the work had been in progress for half an hour.

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