Changes in Levels of Hemoglobin, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Pyruvate, and Lactate in Venous Blood of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) During and Following Severe Muscular Activity

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black ◽  
Glenville T. Manning ◽  
Koichiro Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Fish Swimming

The effects of severe muscular exercise were studied in [Formula: see text]-year-old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of blood taken from the heart together with alterations in blood levels of pyruvate and lactate were followed in 14 separate conditions. Observations were also made on fish swimming steadily in a rotating annulus.

Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity: I. Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Vigorous Exercise

During the summers of 1953, 1954 and 1955, experiments were carried out on the effects of muscular exercise on hatchery-raised yearling and two-year-old Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, at the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. Following 15 minutes of vigorous exercise at 11.5 °C. the blood level of lactic acid in yearlings increased from the unexercised level of 16 mg.% to 100 mg.% and then continued to increase still further during the first 2 hours of recovery to 170 mg.%, to subside in 4 to 6 hours toward the pre-exercise level. Similar changes occurred in two-year-olds, but the levels were lower in all cases, and the time course was slower. Studies were also made on hemoglobin levels, on blood glucose changes in two-year-olds, and on the relation of oxygen levels and temperature to the blood levels of lactic acid in yearlings. Cardiac rates were also measured. Observations were made on the blood level of lactic acid in moderate exercise in yearlings. The results indicate that most of the features of fatigue in the trout are in keeping with the pattern of changes in mammals. However, there were important differences in the time course of rise and fall of lactic acid to and from the blood. It is suggested that these differences may be due to the effects of lowered temperature in reducing the rate of diffusion of lactic acid between extracellular fluids and the sites of production and removal of the metabolites of muscular activity. Some implications of the results to the behaviour of fishes and death due to over-exertion are discussed.

The Significance of the Bohr Effect in the Respiration and Asphyxiation of the Squid, Loligo Pealei

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽  
ROBERT GOODKIND
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Loligo Pealei

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.

Differences in Swimming Performance Among Strains of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan E. Thomas ◽  
Michael J. Donahoo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Performance Profiles

Swimming performance profiles, relating fish size to swimming time, were established for three strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). No differences were found in slope of regressions; only in level at each size of fish. Swimming performances of New Zealand and Sand Creek strains did not differ, but were superior to the Manchester strain. In stamina results from 189-day-old fish from individual matings of seven strains and various crosses, similar strains and crosses had closely matching profiles whereas profiles of unrelated groups were variable. Comparison of slowest, average, and fastest growing fish within the New Zealand strain showed that swimming ability was not related to growth rate.

scholarly journals ERYTHROSIS, OR FALSE CYANOSIS

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christen Lundsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Total Hemoglobin ◽  
Oxygen Capacity ◽  
Mucous Membranes

1. In the venous blood of a patient with Vaquez' disease normal values were found for the oxygen unsaturation (reduced hemoglobin), although the total hemoglobin and oxygen capacity were abnormally high. The carbon dioxide content was normal. 2. The color of the skin and mucous membranes of this patient was more reddish than blue. 3. It is proposed to call the color of the skin in polycythemic patients erythrosis in order to distinguish the condition from cyanosis.

Turnover and Urinary Excretion of Free and Acetylated M.S. 222 by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Hunn ◽  
Richard A. Schoettger ◽  
Wayne A. Willford
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Free Drug ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Drug Elimination ◽  
Drug Excretion ◽  
Anesthetic Concentration ◽  
Low Levels

Rainbow trout: (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized in 100 mg/liter of M.S. 222 at 12 C excreted the drug in free and acetylated forms via the urine during a 24-hr recovery period in freshwater. Of the M.S. 222 excreted, 77–96% was acetylated. Blood levels of free drug in anesthetized trout approximated 75% of the anesthetic concentration, but the amount of acetylated M.S. 222 was relatively insignificant. The blood and urine were cleared of the two fractions of M.S. 222 in 8 and 24 hr respectively. Low levels of aromatic amines of natural origin occurred in blood and urine and were subtracted from measurements of M.S. 222. Intraperitoneal injections of 10–100 mg/kg of M.S. 222 did not induce anesthesia; however, the 24-hr pattern of drug excretion was similar to that observed after anesthesia by immersion. Only 15–21% of the injected dose was found in the urine, suggesting a second route of drug elimination.

scholarly journals Blood total carbon dioxide content and bicarbonate can be used together to predict blood pH correctly in venous blood samples

Renal Failure ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-146
Author(s):  
Fatih Bulucu ◽  
Mustafa Çakar ◽  
Ömer Kurt ◽  
Fatih Yeşildal ◽  
Hakan Şarlak
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph

scholarly journals The pattern of carbon dioxide excretion in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
M. S. Haswell ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Co2 Excretion

1. Patterns of carbon dioxide excretion were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The loss of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase caused by severe anaemia does not affect acid/base regulation or the ability of fish to excrete CO2. 3. Bicarbonate excretion across the saline-perfused gills of trout is significant even though residence time for the saline in the gills is only 1--3 s. CO2 excretion across these saline-perfused gills is blocked by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox. 4. The excretion of CO2 in fish is via the movement of plasma bicarbonate into the gill epithelium where branchial carbonic anhydrase catalyses the production of CO2. Fish can adjust pH by regulating bicarbonate movement across the gills. 5. The erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for CO2 excretion in the gills but is involved in facilitating Bohr and Root shifts to augment O2 delivery in the tissues.

scholarly journals Lactate and Proton Dynamics in the Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY D. TURNER ◽  
CHRIS M. WOOD ◽  
DONNA CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Intracellular Acidosis ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Acid Load

Chronically cannulated rainbow trout were subjected to 6 min of severe burst exercise and monitored over a 12 h recovery period. There were short-lived increases in haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma protein, Na+ and Cl− levels. Plasma [Cl−] later declined below normal as organic anions accumulated. A much larger and more prolonged elevation in plasma [K+] probably resulted from intracellular acidosis. An intense extracellular acidosis was initially of equal respiratory (i.e. Pa,COa,CO2) a nd metabolic (i.e. ΔH+m) origin. However Pa,COa,CO2 was rapidly corrected while the metabolic component persisted. Plasma ammonia increases had negligible influence on acid-base status. Elevations in blood lactate (ΔLa−) were equal to ΔH+m immediately post-exercise but later rose to twice the latter. Simultaneous white muscle biopsies and blood samples demonstrated that muscle to blood gradients of lactate and pyruvate were maximal immediately post-exercise. As blood levels rose and muscle levels declined, an approximate equilibrium was reached after 4 h of recovery. Intra-arterial infusions of lactic acid in resting trout produced a severe but rapidly corrected metabolic acidosis. The rates of disappearance of ΔH+m and ΔLa− from the blood were equal. Infusions of similar amounts of sodium lactate produced a small, prolonged metabolic alkalosis with a much slower ΔLa− disappearance rate. It is suggested that the excess of ΔLa− over ΔH+m in the blood after exercise is associated with differential release rates of the two species from white muscle rather than differential removal rates from the bloodstream, and that the majority of the lactic acid load in muscle is removed by metabolism in situ.

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