Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity.: III. Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

The blood level of lactic acid in hatchery-raised sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, was studied following 15 minutes of vigorous muscular activity. Yearling salmon acclimated and exercised in fresh water showed a sevenfold increase in blood lactic acid following activity, increasing still further during the first two hours of recovery, as in the Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri. Yearling salmon acclimated in sea water for two days and then exercised exhibited higher immediate increase in lactic acid and showed less fatigue. The sea water appeared to aid the yearling salmon in coping with fatigue products. However, two-year-old salmon that had been acclimated a year and a half in sea water showed the same change in lactic acid following exercise as the yearlings in fresh water. Five of 19 two-year-old salmon died following the exercise.

Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity: I. Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Vigorous Exercise

During the summers of 1953, 1954 and 1955, experiments were carried out on the effects of muscular exercise on hatchery-raised yearling and two-year-old Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, at the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. Following 15 minutes of vigorous exercise at 11.5 °C. the blood level of lactic acid in yearlings increased from the unexercised level of 16 mg.% to 100 mg.% and then continued to increase still further during the first 2 hours of recovery to 170 mg.%, to subside in 4 to 6 hours toward the pre-exercise level. Similar changes occurred in two-year-olds, but the levels were lower in all cases, and the time course was slower. Studies were also made on hemoglobin levels, on blood glucose changes in two-year-olds, and on the relation of oxygen levels and temperature to the blood levels of lactic acid in yearlings. Cardiac rates were also measured. Observations were made on the blood level of lactic acid in moderate exercise in yearlings. The results indicate that most of the features of fatigue in the trout are in keeping with the pattern of changes in mammals. However, there were important differences in the time course of rise and fall of lactic acid to and from the blood. It is suggested that these differences may be due to the effects of lowered temperature in reducing the rate of diffusion of lactic acid between extracellular fluids and the sites of production and removal of the metabolites of muscular activity. Some implications of the results to the behaviour of fishes and death due to over-exertion are discussed.

Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity.: II. Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lactic Acid Level ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
High Level

During the summer of 1954, 1½-year-old, hatchery-raised lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, were subjected to 15 minutes of severe muscular exercise at the trout hatchery at Summerland, B.C. Following exercise, fish were allowed to recover for various intervals up to 24 hours. Blood samples were taken and analyzed. The hemoglobin levels did not change significantly, the blood glucose increased significantly during the second hour of recovery. Except for dips at the 6th and 12th hours, this high level of glucose persisted to the end of 24 hours. The blood level of lactic acid increased sevenfold immediately following exercise and continued to increase during the first two hours of recovery. The lactic acid level declined rapidly between the 2nd and 6th hour. The initial low unexercised level was reached by the end of 24 hours. The hemoglobin and lactic acid changes were very similar to those noted for Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri.

Survival of certain naturally acquired freshwater parasites of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), in hosts held in fresh and sea water, and implications for their use as population tags

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1757-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Bailey ◽  
L. Margolis ◽  
G. D. Workman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Life Span ◽  
Natural Tags

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts were captured from the outlet streams of Cultus Lake, British Columbia, in 1985 and 1986, and from Fraser Lake, British Columbia, in 1986. Samples collected in 1985 were reared in salt water. Samples collected from each lake in 1986 were divided equally into two groups: one group was reared in fresh water, the other was maintained in salt water. Initially biweekly, and later monthly, subsamples from each group were examined for seven parasite taxa: Myxidium salvelini, Diplostomulum sp. metacercaria, Phyllodistomum umblae, Eubothrium sp. (immature), Proteocephalus sp. (immature), Neoechinorhynchus salmonis, and Salmincola californiensis. The maximum life-span was greater than the duration of the experiments (32–40 weeks) for all species in hosts reared in fresh water (except for S. californiensis, which was removed from all freshwater hosts). Survival of M. salvelini, P. umblae, and S. californiensis was reduced in hosts reared in sea water. No differences in survival of each of Diplostomulum sp. metacercaria, Eubothrium sp., Proteocephalus sp., and N. salmonis were observed between hosts held in fresh water or salt water. Implications for the use of these parasites as natural tags are discussed.

The Pigments of Salmon

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basil E. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Carotenoid Pigments ◽  
Red Pigments ◽  
Red Muscle

The red colour of the muscle flesh of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is due to the presence of two carotenoid pigments both of which have properties similar to those of astacin. Two red pigments were also found in the red muscle flesh of the steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdneri).

Sublethal Effects of Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent on Respiration and Circulation in Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Cough Frequency

Sublethal effects of aerated neutralized, filtered, full bleach kraft mill effluent (BKME) on circulation and respiration of Pacific salmon were examined. Ventilatory water flow, oxygen uptake, cough frequency, and buccal pressure increased in a group of 19 sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, 207–321 g, at 10.5 ± 0.5 C, upon initial exposure to sublethal BKME concentrations. The threshold concentration for these responses appreared to be around 20% of the 4 day LC50 (static bioassay).Following overnight exposure to BKME, ventilatory volume, oxygen uptake rate, cough frequency, and oxygen utilization tended to approach pre-exposure levels, particularly at the higher sublethal contractions. Changing effluent toxicity, acclimation phenomena, or physiological adjustment are discussed as possible explanations for these results.Measures of arterial oxygen tension in sockeye salmon indicated that arterial tension declines rapidly and remains depressed following up to 24 hr exposure to BKME (33–47% of 4 day LC50). On the average this decline represented a 20% decrease in oxygen saturation of the blood. Decreased arterial PO2 may be due to mucous production at the gills and resulting gas diffusion problems, as well as abnormalities in ventilation. Reduction in scope for activity might result from impaired oxygen uptake at the gills. A similar response was observed in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.

Resumption of Feeding by and Survival of Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Following Advanced Gonad Development

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
U. H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
First Time

Adult, migrating, fasting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were held in captivity in fresh water without spawning well beyond the time when they would normally have done so and died. A few of the fish were then gonadectomized and force feeding was begun. A few unoperated fish were fed similarly while the remainder served as unoperated, unfed controls. The gonads of the operated fish were well developed. After a period of feeding of about four months some fish in each group had survived. The fed fish had regained their green color and much of their weight and vigor, while the surviving unfed fish were extremely emaciated and listless. At this time voluntary feeding by the force-fed fish was observed for the first time, and it was then found that the five surviving unfed controls would also take food voluntarily. While two of these fish died without apparent improvement in their condition, the other three gradually regained green color, weight and vigor.

Blood pH and Mortality in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii) and Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. E. Jonas ◽  
Harcharan S. Sehdev ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Similar Association

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) under light anaesthesia with MS 222 (tricaine methanesulphonate) died when their blood pH was lowered into the range of 6.8 to 6.9 by injection of either lactic acid or hydrochloric acid. When injection of the same quantities of either acid did not lower the blood pH into this range, fatalities did not result (one exception in 56 fish injected). The injection of much larger quantities of lactate or chloride ions in the form of sodium salts did not cause fatalities.Very limited data for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) suggest a similar association between blood pH and mortality for this species.

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