PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF PRE-OVIPOSITAL EMBRYONIC DEATHS IN CHICKENS AND THEIR BEARING ON THE RELATION BETWEEN 'FERTILITY' AND HATCHABILITY

1945 ◽  
Vol 23d (6) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Munro ◽  
Igor L. Kosin
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cytological Study ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Embryonic Death

Although the terms 'fertility' and 'hatchability' refer in chickens to two biologically independent processes, in practice they are frequently found to be related. This type of association suggests that the two variables are related only through the mediation of a special set of conditions. The latter find their expressions in a low level of fertility and hatchability. It is suggested that under these conditions, a large proportion of 'infertiles' among hatching eggs are cases of pre-oviposital embryonic death. Evidence to support this has been provided by cytological study of the germ discs of such eggs. The germ discs were found to contain colonies of cells, indicating arrested but nonetheless genuine embryonic development. It has been shown, furthermore, that eggs of some hens are unfertilizable. On the basis of the present data it was possible to establish the existence of another peak in the embryonic mortality curve, occurring during the first 25± hr. of zygotic development.

scholarly journals Effects of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine and Related Halogenated Pyrimidines on the Sand-Dollar Embryo

1960 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Karnofsky ◽  
Ross S. Basch
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Sand Dollar ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Fluorinated Pyrimidines ◽  
Minimal Lethal Concentration ◽  
Embryonic Death

The embryo of the sand-dollar (Echinarachnius parma) was exposed to various concentrations of fluorinated pyrimidines immediately after fertilization. FUDR (5-fluorodeoxyuridine) was most active, and a concentration of 2 to 4 mγ/10 cc. (0.8 to 1.6 x 10-6 m.eq./liter) blocked development at the early blastula stage. Larger doses interrupted development at the same stage. This effect was prevented by thymidine (TDR) and thymine (T); and these pyrimidines protected against many times the minimal lethal concentration of FUDR. TDR was active as a protective agent if added just before early blastula formation. The other fluorinated pyrimidines, 5-fluorouracil (FU), 5-fluorouridine (FUR), 5-fluorocytidine (FCR), 5-fluorodeoxycytidine (FCDR), and 5-fluoroorotic acid (FO), were also studied. These drugs produced effects on embryonic development similar to those seen with FUDR. The effective concentrations, however, varied greatly. T and TDR provided protection against these drugs, but in most cases they were not so effective as against FUDR. 5-Bromodeoxyurdine (BrUDR), beginning at the early blastula stage, caused a random pattern of embryonic death up to the pluteus stage. This drug has been shown to be incorporated into bacterial DNA. BrUDR protected embryos against the early lethal effects of FUDR presumably acting as a thymidine substitute, but the embryos died subsequently in a pattern similar to that seen with BrUDR alone. FUDR and BrUDR appear to inhibit the formation and alter the structure of DNA, respectively, distinctive effects whch may provide a means for studying the role of DNA in embryonic development.

scholarly journals Effects of storage period and egg weight of Japanese quail eggs on hatching results (short communication)

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 518-526
Author(s):  
I. Seker ◽  
S. Kul ◽  
M. Bayraktar
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Heavy Weight ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
Early Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Weight Groups

Abstract. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of storage period and egg weight of hatching eggs of Japanese quails on fertility, hatchability results. Eggs were obtained 150 females quails, all at 15 weeks of age. A total of 1942 hatching eggs were separated into 3 groups as light-weight (9.50-10.50 g), medium-weight (10.51-11.50 g), and heavy-weight (11.51-12.50 g). Based on storage period, eggs were divided into 5 groups as group 1 (0-3 days), group 2 (4-6 days), group 3 (7-9 days), group 4 (10-12 days), and group 5 (13-15 days). The influence of storage period on hatchability of fertile eggs and early, middle, and late period embryonic mortality rates was found significant (P<0.01). The effect of egg weight on fertility rate, hatchability of fertile eggs and early embryonic mortality was significant (P<0.05, P<0.01). The significant differences between storage period groups were observed in hatchability of fertile eggs. The differences between egg weight groups for fertility rate, hatchability of fertile eggs and early embryonic mortality was significantly higher in light weight group than the other egg weight groups. Results of this study concluded that a 12 day pre-incubation storage of hatching eggs of Japanese quails did not appreciably affect hatching parameters. Use of medium or heavy weight eggs for hatching may reduce early embryonic mortality rate.

scholarly journals Hubungan Kadar Progesteron pada Fase Awal Luteal dengan Kematian Embrio pada Sapi Aceh

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Budianto Panjaitan ◽  
Citra Chyntia Helwana ◽  
Nellita Meutia ◽  
Yusmadi Yusmadi ◽  
Tongku Nizwan Siregar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Double Injection ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Embryonic Death

ABSTRAK.  Progesteron merupakan hormon yang berperan penting dalam proses pemeliharaan kebuntingan dan dihasilkan oleh corpus luteum. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara kadar hormon progesteron pada fase awal luteal dengan kematian embrio pada sapi Aceh. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan empat ekor sapi betina dewasa berumur 3-5 tahun, bobot badan 150-250 kg, sehat secara klinis, dan memiliki reproduksi normal. Sapi disinkronisasi menggunakan 5 ml prostaglandin F2 alfa (PGF2α) dengan pola penyuntikan ganda berinterval 11 hari. Koleksi sampel darah untuk pengukuran konsentrasi progesteron dilakukan pada hari ke-5, 6, dan 7 pasca inseminasi. Pengukuran konsentrasi progesteron dilakukan menggunakan metode enzymelinked-immunoassay (ELISA), pemeriksaan kebuntingan dan kematian embrio menggunakan metode transrektal ultrasonografi pada hari ke-25 pasca inseminasi. Pemeriksaan diulang setiap 10 hari sampai hari ke-55 pasca inseminasi. Puncak sekresi progesteron pada sapi bunting dengan embrio yang bertahan hidup terdapat pada hari ke-7 (2,082 ng/ml), pada sapi Late Embryonic Mortality (LEM) di hari ke-5 (8,209 ng/ml) dan pada sapi tidak bunting di hari ke-7 (3,051±1,157 ng/ml). Sekresi progesteron sapi LEM pada hari ke-5 sampai dengan ke-7 cenderung menurun sedangkan pada sapi yang bertahan hidup cenderung meningkat.  (Correlation between progesterone levels in early luteal phase and embryonic death  in Aceh cattle) ABSTRACT. Progesterone is an important hormone that functions to maintain pregnancy and is produced by the corpus luteum. The aim of this study was to see a correlation between progesterone and the incidence of embryonic death in Aceh cattle. This study used four adult female cows, 3-5 years old, 150-250 kg body weight, clinically healthy, and have a normal reproduction. The synchronized with 5 ml prostaglandin F2 alfa hormone, and double injection pattern with 11-day intervals. The blood was collected for progesterone measurements on 5th, 6th, 7th day post artificial insemination. Measurement of progesterone concentration was carried out using an enzymelinked-immunoassay (ELISA), while pregnancy and embryo mortality was performed using the trans-rectal ultrasonography method on the 25th day after insemination. The examination was repeated every 10 days until day 55th after insemination. Progesterone secretion peaks in pregnant cows were on day 7th (2.082 ng/ml), in cattle Late Embryonic Mortality (LEM) on day 5th (8.209 ng/ml) and in cattle not pregnant on day 7th (3.051±1.157 ng/ml). The pattern of LEM progesterone secretion on days 5th to 7th tends to decrease while those that survive tend to increase.

scholarly journals Discovery of pluripotency-associated microRNAs in rabbit preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem-like cells

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pouneh Maraghechi ◽  
László Hiripi ◽  
Gábor Tóth ◽  
Babett Bontovics ◽  
Zsuzsanna Bősze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate multiple biological processes. Increasing experimental evidence implies an important regulatory role of miRNAs during embryonic development and in embryonic stem (ES) cell biology. In the current study, we have described and analyzed the expression profile of pluripotency-associated miRNAs in rabbit embryos and ES-like cells. The rabbit specific ocu-miR-302 and ocu-miR-290 clusters, and three homologs of the human C19MC cluster (ocu-miR-512, ocu-miR-520e, and ocu-miR-498) were identified in rabbit preimplantation embryos and ES-like cells. The ocu-miR-302 cluster was highly similar to its human homolog, while ocu-miR-290 revealed a low level of evolutionary conservation with its mouse homologous cluster. The expression of the ocu-miR-302 cluster began at the 3.5 days post-coitum early blastocyst stage and they stayed highly expressed in rabbit ES-like cells. In contrast, a high expression level of the ocu-miR-290 cluster was detected during preimplantation embryonic development, but a low level of expression was found in rabbit ES-like cells. Differential expression of the ocu-miR-302 cluster and ocu-miR-512 miRNA was detected in rabbit trophoblast and embryoblast. We also found that Lefty has two potential target sites in its 3′UTR for ocu-miR-302a and its expression level increased upon ocu-miR-302a inhibition. We suggest that the expression of the ocu-miR-302 cluster is characteristic of the rabbit ES-like cell, while the ocu-miR-290 cluster may play a crucial role during early embryonic development. This study presents the first identification, to our knowledge, of pluripotency-associated miRNAs in rabbit preimplantation embryos and ES-like cells, which can open up new avenues to investigate the regulatory function of ocu-miRNAs in embryonic development and stem cell biology.

scholarly journals An examination of fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality, and chick weight in double versus single-yolked broiler breeder eggs

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Fasenko ◽  
F. E. Robinson ◽  
B. L. Danforth ◽  
I. Zelter
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Embryo Mortality ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Egg Fertility ◽  
Embryonic Death

The objective of this study was to document the fertility and embryonic mortality problems that result in the poor hatchability of double yolk (DY) versus (single yolk) SY broiler breeder eggs. Both SY (n = 64) and DY (n = 141) eggs were collected from a commercial Hubbard Hi-Y flock and the eggs incubated for 21 d. All eggs were candled and weighed at 7, 14 and 18 d, and any non-viable eggs were removed and broken open to assess fertility, and if fertile, stage of embryonic death. Any unhatched eggs remaining after 21 d of incubation were broken open so that fertility, hatchability and embryo mortality could be calculated. Because there is the potential for two chicks to hatch from a DY egg, fertility, hatchability, and embryo mortality were calculated on a per yolk basis rather than an egg basis. Fertility, hatchability, and hatchability of fertile eggs were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in DY compared to SY eggs. Early- (≤7 d of incubation), mid (8–14 d of incubation), and late (≥15 d of incubation) embryonic mortality was significantly higher in DY vs. SY eggs. Chick body weights were significantly greater in solitary chicks hatching from DY eggs versus chicks hatching from SY eggs. Key words: Double yolk, embryo mortality, broiler breeders, chick weight, hatchability, fertility

210 FACTORS AFFECTING CONCEPTION RATE IN LACTATING HOLSTEIN RECIPIENTS

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
D. T. G. Jardina ◽  
C. A. Rodrigues ◽  
J. L. M. Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Size Classification ◽  
Rectal Palpation

This study evaluated embryo transfers from Holstein donors in lactating Holstein recipients. It was performed at the Santa Rita Farm, Descalvado, SP, Brazil, between January 2005 and January 2006. Holstein recipients were milked 3 times a day and fed with total mixed ration. Embryos were obtained by a superstimulation protocol with two 3-mg norgestomet ear implants (Crestar�; Intervet, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and an IM injection of 3 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) on random days of the estrous cycle. Four days later, 500 IU FSH (Pluset�; Laboratorios Calier de Argentina) was divided into 8 decreasing doses given IM 12 h apart. With the seventh FSH injection, 0.530 mg of sodium cloprostenol (PGF2�, Ciosin�; Coopers Brazil, Sao Paulo, Brazil) was given IM; implants were removed with the eighth FSH injection. Twelve hours later, 250 �g gonadorelin (Fertagyl�: Intervet, Brazil) was given IM, followed by two AI 12 and 24 h later. Ova/embryos were recovered 6.5 days after the first insemination. Recipients (n = 2543) received an injection of PGF2� and were observed in estrus (n = 1322). Presence of CL was evaluated by rectal palpation of cows that presented heat, and embryo transfers (n = 873) were performed with a nonsurgical method 6 to 8 days after heat. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed by ultrasonography (Aloka 500, probe 5.0 MHz; Aloka) on Days 25 and 39. Embryonic mortality was considered when any recipient pregnant on Day 25 was open on Day 39. Data were analyzed by logistic regression and variables included in the model were: donor status (lactating or non-lactating), recipient CL external size classification (1 &gt; 2 &gt; 3), donor–recipient synchrony (-1, 0, +1), fresh or frozen embryos, embryonic development (Mo, Bi, Bl, Bx – IETS), and embryo quality (degree 1, 2, 3 – IETS). The conception rate (CR) on Day 25 was influenced by donor–recipient synchrony (-1: 37.7%; 0: 46.9%; +1: 45.6%; P = 0.053). Embryonic development (Mo: 45.6%; Bi: 41.8%; Bl: 46.9%; Bx: 43.8%), embryo quality (1: 44.2%; 2: 47.4%; 3: 42.3%), CL external size classification (CL 1: 47.9%; CL 2: 43.5%; CL 3: 30.0%), embryo condition (fresh: 45.8%; frozen: 43.1%), and donor status (lactating: 45.5%; non-lactating: 47.08%) did not affect conception rate. The CR on Day 39 was also affected by donor–recipient synchrony (-1: 29.9%; 0: 34.9%; +1: 38.2%; P = 0.021). Embryonic mortality was affected by donor status (lactating, 16.6% vs. non-lactating, 24.0%; P &lt; 0.10). These data suggest that donor–recipient synchrony is a major factor affecting conception rate in lactating Holstein recipients.

scholarly journals Artificial stripping and embryonic development of the common gudgeon (Gobio gobio L.) and its use in embryo-larval tests – a pilot study

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 174-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Palíková ◽  
R. Krejčí
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Artificial Reproduction ◽  
Hormonal Stimulation ◽  
Fish Model ◽  
Embryonic Developmental Stage ◽  
European Catfish ◽  
The Common

Artificial reproduction with and without hormonal treatment was performed in females of the common gudgeon (Gobio gobio L.) to assess the suitability of this cyprinid species as a fish model for embryo-larval cytotoxic tests. Considering sperm immobilisation tests, the solution for tench was utilizable. The clearing solution designed for the observation of embryonic development in the European catfish was also found suitable for the common gudgeon embryos. The egg and embryonic mortality, embryonic development, hatching and survival rate were examined. Ovulation occurred in 89% of females after the application of the carp pituitary (5 mg/kg) but embryonic mortality reached nearly 100%. The highest embryonic mortality in females with hormonal treatment was observed within 24 hours of development. On the other hand, the reproduction of females without the application of hormonal stimulation was nearly completely successful with mean mortality 60%. The hatching of embryos of females without hormonal stimulation occurred (average values) 71 hours after fertilization and lasted 65 hours. Embryonic development finished within 176 hours. Our pilot study demonstrated that the eggs of common gudgeon were suitable for embryo-larval tests from the 7<sup>th</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> embryonic developmental stage. &nbsp;

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