VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: IX. EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AND A WAX SPRAY ON THE OUTDOOR PROPAGATION OF SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (7) ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Eastern White Cedar ◽  
Wax Coating ◽  
Injurious Effects

Norway spruce cuttings were collected at intervals throughout the year, subjected to treatment with talc dusts containing from 5 up to 10,000 p.p.m. of indolylacetic acid, and propagated in outdoor frames. In some experiments, indolylacetic acid treatments were included in a series of dusts involving cane sugar, potassium acid phosphate, and organic mercurial disinfectants. Effects of wax coating of cuttings of Norway and white spruce and eastern white cedar were also considered.Indolylacetic acid treatment failed to have any general beneficial effects on rooting; concentrations of 8000 and 10,000 p.p.m. were usually injurious. However, treatment of apparently dormant cuttings, taken shortly before emergence of new growth, with 1000 p.p.m. gave 25% rooting, as compared to 8% for the controls, and tended to increase the length of root. Treatments with organic mercury, cane sugar, and potassium acid phosphate increased survival of new growth, and, in combination with indolylacetic acid, increased survival and root lengths.Talc treatment increased rooting to as much as 70% for cuttings planted in sand as compared to 25% for the controls, but had no effect on plantings in a sand–peat mixture. Talc effects were the most marked on cuttings taken before emergence of new growth and when planting was delayed for 24 hr. after treatment.Wax application had no effect on dormant spruce cuttings but was markedly injurious to summer collections. Injurious effects were reduced when wax was used in conjunction with indolylacetic acid treatment.

EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM ACID PHOSPHATE, CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC BROMIDE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN A TALC CARRIER ON THE ROOTING OF STEM CUTTINGS

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (4) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Plant Stem

Greenwood cuttings of Deutzia Lemoinei, Symphoricarpus albus, and Weigela rosea and dormant cuttings of Lonicera tatarica were treated with a series of 32 talc dusts containing potassium acid phosphate at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10%, in combination with 0 and 10% cane sugar, 0 and 50 p.p.m. ethyl mercuric bromide, and 0 and 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. The lower concentrations of phosphate tended to increase rooting and reduce mortality of two of the species of greenwood cuttings whereas the 10% concentration was ineffective or injurious. However, this concentration was favourable to the rooting of dormant cuttings. Indolylacetic acid treatment increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number and length of roots. Beneficial effects were indicated for organic mercury and cane sugar treatments. However, these were attributed largely to the combinations with phosphate and indolylacetic acid. The results indicate that the effectiveness of dusts containing indolylacetic acid in the treatment of plant stem cuttings may be increased by the addition of nutrient and disinfectant chemicals.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VI. HORMONE SOLUTION AND DUST TREATMENTS OF SPRUCE CUTTINGS PROPAGATED IN GREENHOUSE AND OUTSIDE FRAMES

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (8) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid

Four monthly collections of dormant Norway spruce cuttings, January to April, were treated with indolylbutyric acid solutions and propagated in sand in a greenhouse. February and April collections gave better rooting than those of the other two months, while there was appreciably greater mortality of the March and April collections. The results with short cuttings were uniformly superior to those obtained with long cuttings. Other cuttings of the April collection were propagated outside. The short cuttings responded more favourably to outside conditions, while the long cuttings gave equally poor results inside and outside. Indolylbutyric acid treatment had no beneficial effect and was followed by reduced rooting and increased mortality at concentrations from 20 to 60 p.p.m.Results of a late March collection of Norway, white, and black spruce cuttings treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, cane sugar, and organic mercury, indicated that Norway spruce rooted more readily than the two other species. Treatment failed to have a beneficial effect, although injury from indolylacetic acid was somewhat reduced by its combination with organic mercury.The results of these and the other experiments reported indicate that short Norway spruce cuttings over the period from January to April root to the extent of about 50%. A May collection, an early June collection with new growth on the cuttings, and a late June collection in which the cuttings were made from new growth only, gave inappreciable rooting. Similar new-growth cuttings did, however, give some rooting when propagated in sand watered with nutrient salts.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VII. OUTDOOR PROPAGATION OF A NOVEMBER COLLECTION OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS TREATED WITH PHYTOHORMONES, CANE SUGAR, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (11) ◽  
pp. 566-577
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
J. W. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Propagation Medium ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid ◽  
Phytohormone Treatment

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings were collected in mid-November and treated with talc dusts containing two separate phytohormone chemicals, indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, in three concentrations, 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., alone, and in combination with cane sugar and an organic mercurial disinfectant. Treated cuttings were planted immediately in outside frames in sand and a mixture of sand and peat in equal proportions. They were removed for examination 10 months later. Phytohormone treatment, except with the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of naphthylacetic acid, which was injurious, increased the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots, the number of surviving cuttings, and the number of rooted cuttings with new growth. There were also marked effects on the initiation and development of new growth. The admixture of peat in the propagation medium improved rooting and development of new growth, particularly in certain of the phytohormone treatments. Only about 50% of the controls rooted in both sand and sand-peat, while the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of indolylacetic acid effected 68% rooting in sand and 82% in sand-peat.Both cane sugar and organic mercury significantly affected a number of the responses. However, the effects were comparatively small and depended, for the most part, on interactions with phytohormone treatments and media. Organic mercury increased the number of cuttings rooted by about 6%.

RESPONSES OF DORMANT CUTTINGS OF LONICERA TARTARICA TO SOLUTIONS OF CANE SUGAR AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (10) ◽  
pp. 334-338
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Parallel Experiment ◽  
Factorial Series ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Fresh Root

Cuttings of dormant Lonicera tartarica, collected in March, were treated with a factorial series of indolylacetic acid and cane sugar solutions. Indolylacetic acid was used at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 p.p.m., while cane sugar was present at 0, 1, 5, and 10%. Indolylacetic acid treatment greatly increased the percentage of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots per rooted cutting, the fresh root weight and the green weight of leaf produced. Cane sugar treatment alone or in combination with indolylacetic acid failed to show any significant effects, suggesting that dormant cuttings of this plant have an adequate reserve of carbohydrate material.Apart from a somewhat greater effect of treatment on the percentage of rooting, the results are in essential agreement with those previously secured from dormant October cuttings. In comparison with a parallel experiment on the dusting of March cuttings propagated in the same frame, solution treatment had the greater effect on all the responses considered except green weight of leaf produced, which was greater following dusting.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: IV. EFFECTS OF CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC PHOSPHATE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN TALC DUST ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November from the upper part of the tree were treated with a series of talc dusts containing indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, each at 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., combined with cane sugar at 0 and 10%, and ethyl mercuric phosphate at 0 and 50 p.p.m., and propagated in a greenhouse. Indolylacetic acid at 1000 p.p.m. increased rooting by about 10% to 42.5%, three months after planting, but at 5000 p.p.m. reduced it significantly. Naphthylacetic acid reduced rooting at both concentrations. Indolylacetic acid increased the length of root per rooted cutting. Sugar in combination with indolylacetic acid inhibited the increase in root length caused by the hormone alone; organic mercury alone or in combination with indolylacetic acid reduced root length, but sugar and mercury in combination exerted no greater inhibition than either alone.Mean root length was affected only by indolylacetic acid, which increased it.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XIII. ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS IN THE GREENHOUSE

1945 ◽  
Vol 23c (5) ◽  
pp. 150-165
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Injurious Effect ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Injurious Effects

Greenhouse propagation of Norway spruce cuttings in various media containing sand and peats resulted in 80% rooting in a peat-humus–sand medium. Canadian peat moss and Swedish peat media were inferior but the weekly addition of potassium acid phosphate and magnesium sulphate solutions to a Swedish peat medium resulted in the rooting of 96% of the cuttings. Beneficial effects of peat humus were related to available nutrient materials. Peat humus extracted with methyl alcohol and acetic acid did not affect rooting, but sodium hydroxide extraction, hot water extraction, and air drying at 110 °C. were harmful. Propagation under suboptimum conditions disclosed markedly beneficial effects from mixtures and mulches of peats, soil, and active silica, the active silica being particularly favourable in the mulched condition.Medium cuttings, 3 to 6 in. long, rooted 96%, and long cuttings, 6 to 10 in., 71%. Uncovered cuttings and those covered with celloglass were superior in their responses to those under either cheesecloth or factory cotton screens.Plant hormone chemicals, when applied in a talc carrier dust, tended to reduce rooting of Norway spruce cuttings; the injurious effects increased progressively with concentration over the range from 500 to 4000 p.p.m. Indolylbutyric acid showed neither damaging nor beneficial effects. Naphthylbutyric acid and potassium naphthylhexoate, while similar in effect, tended to be less injurious than naphthylacetic acid when used over a range of equivalent molecular concentrations. Application of naphthylbutyric acid at the 2000 p.p.m. level in a charcoal carrier resulted in rooting of 98% of the cuttings. Mean root length was increased by the application of 50 p.p.m. each of thiamin and nicotinic acid. While nutrient salts and naphthylbutyric acid, each separately, tended to reduce mean root length, the combination had no injurious effect.

EFFECTS OF CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC PHOSPHATE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN TALC ON THE ROOTING OF CUTTINGS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (10) ◽  
pp. 321-333
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Factorial Series ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Physocarpus Opulifolius ◽  
Fresh Root

Cuttings of two herbaceous and two dormant woody plants were treated with a factorial series of talc dusts containing cane sugar, ethyl mercuric phosphate and indolylacetic acid. The effect of the dusts on cuttings of Coleus Blumei and Iresine Lindeni was determined by the number of roots per rooted cutting, the length of root mass and dry weight of roots. Each of the three factors gave at least one significant effect with both plants. Iresine Lindeni cuttings showed two significant interactions, one between organic mercury and indolylacetic acid on the number of roots per rooted cutting, the other between sugar and indolylacetic acid on the length of root mass. Dormant Lonicera tartarica cuttings showed significant effects from indolylacetic acid on the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots per rooted cutting, the mean root length, and fresh root weights. Green leaf weights of this plant were significantly affected by sugar, and the sugar × organic mercury, and sugar × organic mercury × indolylacetic acid interactions. Fresh root weights also gave a significant triple interaction. The number of Physocarpus opulifolius cuttings rooted was significantly increased by organic mercury as were the dry root weights. Root weights also were affected by sugar treatment. This plant failed to make any significant response to indolylacetic acid treatment.The results indicate that cane sugar and ethyl mercuric phosphate, as well as indolylacetic acid, affect some of the rooting responses of plant cuttings. It is suggested that the dust method of treating cuttings may be used to supply factors, other than the recognized growth stimulating chemicals, that are advantageous to successful vegetative propagation of plants.

EFFECTS OF TALC DUSTS CONTAINING PHYTOHORMONE, NUTRIENT SALTS, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT ON THE ROOTING OF HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (5) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coleus Blumei ◽  
Fresh Root

Cuttings of Coleus Blumei, varieties of Chrysanthemum and species and varieties of Iresine were treated with a series of talc dusts containing naphthylbutyric acid, nutrient salts, and ethyl mercuric bromide and then were propagated in sand in the greenhouse. Naphthylbutyric acid treatment increased the number of roots per rooted cutting, and its combination with the mixture of nutrient salts increased fresh root weight of Coleus cuttings. Organic mercury treatment increased, by about 5%, the number of Chrysanthemum cuttings that rooted, and increased the number of roots on Iresine cuttings. Beneficial effects from talc treatment alone were a feature of the results. Differential reactions to both talc and organic mercury treatments were shown by closely related varieties.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA, TIME OF COLLECTION, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID TREATMENT ON THE ROOTING OF WHITE PINE AND WHITE SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (4) ◽  
pp. 204-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Phytohormone Treatment ◽  
Rooting Response

Semimonthly collections of white pine and white spruce cuttings were taken from July to October, 1939, and propagated in several media. Collections of both species were taken in late October to examine the effect of type of cutting and of planting in media involving different proportions of two sands and two different peats. Cuttings were dusted with a series of concentrations of indolylacetic acid in talc. The season of collection and the medium used for propagation were the factors of main importance. Phytohormone treatment failed to demonstrate appreciable effect, no difference in rooting response could be attributed to the kind of sand used, but there were indications that response increased with the amount of sedge peat in the medium.Rooting of white pine cuttings collected in late August and propagated in a sedge peat medium was 62%, earlier and later collections gave substantially less rooting. Sand only and the sphagnum peat media were generally inferior to the sedge type of peat. At the optimum season of collection the sphagnum peat effected 50% rooting.The late July collection of white spruce cuttings effected rooting of 90% of the plain cuttings when propagation occurred in a sedge peat medium. Low percentages rooted in sand or sphagnum peat media. Cuttings with a heel of old wood tended to be superior to plain cuttings in respect to survival and rooting.Preliminary experiments with spring and early summer collections of both species resulted in slight rooting. Likewise, greenhouse propagations of dormant material gave very poor results.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VIII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA AND PHYTOHORMONE DUST TREATMENTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (12) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Suitable Medium ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Selection Of

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings collected in November were treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, planted in five media including two different sands and mixtures of these with peat humus, and propagated in a greenhouse. While 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid treatment increased survival in sand and there were interactions between media and phytohormone treatments, the marked differences between the various media were the striking feature of the results. Mixtures of peat humus with sand were uniformly superior to sand only. There were also some differences between a fine and a coarse sand, when used either alone or in combination with peat. It may accordingly be concluded that selection of a suitable medium is of great importance in the propagation of Norway spruce cuttings.

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