VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VIII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA AND PHYTOHORMONE DUST TREATMENTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (12) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Suitable Medium ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Selection Of

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings collected in November were treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, planted in five media including two different sands and mixtures of these with peat humus, and propagated in a greenhouse. While 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid treatment increased survival in sand and there were interactions between media and phytohormone treatments, the marked differences between the various media were the striking feature of the results. Mixtures of peat humus with sand were uniformly superior to sand only. There were also some differences between a fine and a coarse sand, when used either alone or in combination with peat. It may accordingly be concluded that selection of a suitable medium is of great importance in the propagation of Norway spruce cuttings.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VI. HORMONE SOLUTION AND DUST TREATMENTS OF SPRUCE CUTTINGS PROPAGATED IN GREENHOUSE AND OUTSIDE FRAMES

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (8) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid

Four monthly collections of dormant Norway spruce cuttings, January to April, were treated with indolylbutyric acid solutions and propagated in sand in a greenhouse. February and April collections gave better rooting than those of the other two months, while there was appreciably greater mortality of the March and April collections. The results with short cuttings were uniformly superior to those obtained with long cuttings. Other cuttings of the April collection were propagated outside. The short cuttings responded more favourably to outside conditions, while the long cuttings gave equally poor results inside and outside. Indolylbutyric acid treatment had no beneficial effect and was followed by reduced rooting and increased mortality at concentrations from 20 to 60 p.p.m.Results of a late March collection of Norway, white, and black spruce cuttings treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, cane sugar, and organic mercury, indicated that Norway spruce rooted more readily than the two other species. Treatment failed to have a beneficial effect, although injury from indolylacetic acid was somewhat reduced by its combination with organic mercury.The results of these and the other experiments reported indicate that short Norway spruce cuttings over the period from January to April root to the extent of about 50%. A May collection, an early June collection with new growth on the cuttings, and a late June collection in which the cuttings were made from new growth only, gave inappreciable rooting. Similar new-growth cuttings did, however, give some rooting when propagated in sand watered with nutrient salts.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VII. OUTDOOR PROPAGATION OF A NOVEMBER COLLECTION OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS TREATED WITH PHYTOHORMONES, CANE SUGAR, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (11) ◽  
pp. 566-577
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
J. W. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Propagation Medium ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid ◽  
Phytohormone Treatment

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings were collected in mid-November and treated with talc dusts containing two separate phytohormone chemicals, indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, in three concentrations, 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., alone, and in combination with cane sugar and an organic mercurial disinfectant. Treated cuttings were planted immediately in outside frames in sand and a mixture of sand and peat in equal proportions. They were removed for examination 10 months later. Phytohormone treatment, except with the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of naphthylacetic acid, which was injurious, increased the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots, the number of surviving cuttings, and the number of rooted cuttings with new growth. There were also marked effects on the initiation and development of new growth. The admixture of peat in the propagation medium improved rooting and development of new growth, particularly in certain of the phytohormone treatments. Only about 50% of the controls rooted in both sand and sand-peat, while the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of indolylacetic acid effected 68% rooting in sand and 82% in sand-peat.Both cane sugar and organic mercury significantly affected a number of the responses. However, the effects were comparatively small and depended, for the most part, on interactions with phytohormone treatments and media. Organic mercury increased the number of cuttings rooted by about 6%.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA, TIME OF COLLECTION, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID TREATMENT ON THE ROOTING OF WHITE PINE AND WHITE SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (4) ◽  
pp. 204-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Phytohormone Treatment ◽  
Rooting Response

Semimonthly collections of white pine and white spruce cuttings were taken from July to October, 1939, and propagated in several media. Collections of both species were taken in late October to examine the effect of type of cutting and of planting in media involving different proportions of two sands and two different peats. Cuttings were dusted with a series of concentrations of indolylacetic acid in talc. The season of collection and the medium used for propagation were the factors of main importance. Phytohormone treatment failed to demonstrate appreciable effect, no difference in rooting response could be attributed to the kind of sand used, but there were indications that response increased with the amount of sedge peat in the medium.Rooting of white pine cuttings collected in late August and propagated in a sedge peat medium was 62%, earlier and later collections gave substantially less rooting. Sand only and the sphagnum peat media were generally inferior to the sedge type of peat. At the optimum season of collection the sphagnum peat effected 50% rooting.The late July collection of white spruce cuttings effected rooting of 90% of the plain cuttings when propagation occurred in a sedge peat medium. Low percentages rooted in sand or sphagnum peat media. Cuttings with a heel of old wood tended to be superior to plain cuttings in respect to survival and rooting.Preliminary experiments with spring and early summer collections of both species resulted in slight rooting. Likewise, greenhouse propagations of dormant material gave very poor results.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: IV. EFFECTS OF CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC PHOSPHATE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN TALC DUST ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November from the upper part of the tree were treated with a series of talc dusts containing indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, each at 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., combined with cane sugar at 0 and 10%, and ethyl mercuric phosphate at 0 and 50 p.p.m., and propagated in a greenhouse. Indolylacetic acid at 1000 p.p.m. increased rooting by about 10% to 42.5%, three months after planting, but at 5000 p.p.m. reduced it significantly. Naphthylacetic acid reduced rooting at both concentrations. Indolylacetic acid increased the length of root per rooted cutting. Sugar in combination with indolylacetic acid inhibited the increase in root length caused by the hormone alone; organic mercury alone or in combination with indolylacetic acid reduced root length, but sugar and mercury in combination exerted no greater inhibition than either alone.Mean root length was affected only by indolylacetic acid, which increased it.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: III. EFFECT OF MONTH OF COLLECTION ON THE ROOTING OF DORMANT NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (11) ◽  
pp. 376-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Dust Treatment ◽  
Propagation Period

In a comparison of the rooting responses of cuttings of Norway spruce from upper branches, in which one lot was stored under snow from November until early April and the other collected in late March, there were statistically significant differences. After 12 weeks 38.9% of the November, and 20.7% of the March, cuttings were rooted or calloused. At the end of the propagation period 45.2% of the November, and 66.6% of the March, cuttings were dead. Indolylacetic acid dust treatment did not have a significant effect on the number of cuttings rooted or calloused; it did, however, increase the number that were dead at the end of the experiment.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: I. ROOTING OF CUTTINGS TAKEN FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER REGIONS OF A NORWAY SPRUCE TREE

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (6) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Differences

Cuttings from the upper and lower regions of a Norway spruce tree were treated with talc only, and with talc containing 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. Ten weeks after being planted in sand, 43% of the upper and 75% of the lower cuttings were rooted. Hormone treatment increased the number of roots per rooted cutting but decreased the mean length of root. Lower cuttings produced twice the length of root of the upper cuttings, and the mean length of individual roots was also significantly greater. Nineteen weeks after being planted, the cuttings not rooted at 10 weeks were re-inspected, and gave final rooting values for the experiment of 48% for upper cuttings and 86% for lower. Physiological differences are consequently suggested in cuttings taken from the upper and lower regions.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: V. THE EFFECT OF INDOLYLACETIC ACID AND NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (4) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
M. W. Thistle
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November 1938 were treated, in three experiments, with a series of solutions containing from 1/729 to 400 p.p.m. of indolylacetic acid. The effects, in all concentrations, were reduced rooting and increased mortality. The addition of nutrient salts to the treating solution further reduced rooting and increased mortality of the cuttings. These negative results of solution treatments contrast with beneficial effects already reported for application of indolylacetic acid in talc dust.

scholarly journals The changes of LD-PE films after exposure in different media

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kojnoková ◽  
Lenka Markovičová ◽  
František Nový
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Aggressive Medium ◽  
Polyethylene Film ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
Suitable Medium ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThis work deals with the study of polymers, and, in particular, polyethylene; its production, types, properties, and usage. The experimental part evaluates the changes of properties of the polyethylene film to be reused under various exposure conditions and selection of the most suitable medium for its application. The film made of low-density polyethylene (LD-PE) was influenced by aggressive media with different pH, specifically Savo for the disinfection, Savo as a Saponate for dish washing and Coca-Cola. On LD-PE films the water absorption and melting temperature evaluation tests were performed. Carried out tests show that the most aggressive medium for LD-PE film from used media is Coca-Cola. The most effective application of LD-PE film like wrapping on container transported is the Savo used as a Saponate for dish washing.

scholarly journals Effects of heavy thinnings on the increment and selection of trees for tending in Norway spruce monoculture in natural hazard conditions

2017 ◽  
pp. 31-54
Author(s):  
Martin Bobinac ◽  
Sinisa Andrasev ◽  
Andrijana Bauer-Zivkovic ◽  
Nikola Susic
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Area And Volume

The paper studies the effects of two heavy selection thinnings on the increment of Norway spruce trees exposed to ice and snow breaks in eastern Serbia. In a thinning that was carried out at 32 years of age, 556 candidates per hectare were selected for tending, and at the age of 40, of the initial candidates, 311 trees per hectare (55.9%) were selected as future trees. In all trees at 41-50 age period, diameter increment was higher by 31%, basal area increment by 64% and volume increment by 67% compared to 32-40 age period. The collective of indifferent trees is significantly falling behind compared to future trees in terms of increment values in both observed periods. However, the value of diameter, basal area and volume increments, of the collective of "comparable" indifferent trees are lower in comparison to the values of increments of future trees by 10-15% in the 32-40 age period, and by 15-21% in the 41-50 age period and there are no significant differences. The results show that heavy selective thinnings, initially directed at a larger number of candidates for tending at stand age that does not differ much from the period of carrying out first "commercial" thinnings, improve the growth potential of future and indifferent trees, where it is rational to do the tree replacement for the final crop in "susceptible" growth stage to snow and ice breaks.

scholarly journals The Propagation of Guavas from Stem Cuttings

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-289
Author(s):  
W. Pennock ◽  
G. Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Rooting Media ◽  
Fine Gravel

1. A highly successful propagation method is described by which hundreds of side-sprouts are first induced on the parent guava tree. These are later cut and rooted under alternatmg mist, with leaves attached. By using this method it is possible to produce from 500 to 1,000 guava plants from a single 3-year-old tree within 10 months. 2. An experiment is also described and discussed which showed that different rooting media, such as coarse sand and very fine gravel, with Coco-peat, fir bark, Vermiculite, Perlite, and Mexifern, had no appreciable effect on rooting. But treatment with a relatively high concentration, 200 p.p.m., of indolebutyric acid improved and accelerated rooting markedly. Rooting was still further improved if 2 percent of sugar was combined with the indolebutyric acid treatment. 3. The high susceptibility of cuttings under mist to anthracnose disease is mentioned and the usual course of the disease described. Recommendations are suggested for reducing the incidence of this disease.

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