VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: V. THE EFFECT OF INDOLYLACETIC ACID AND NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (4) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
M. W. Thistle
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November 1938 were treated, in three experiments, with a series of solutions containing from 1/729 to 400 p.p.m. of indolylacetic acid. The effects, in all concentrations, were reduced rooting and increased mortality. The addition of nutrient salts to the treating solution further reduced rooting and increased mortality of the cuttings. These negative results of solution treatments contrast with beneficial effects already reported for application of indolylacetic acid in talc dust.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VI. HORMONE SOLUTION AND DUST TREATMENTS OF SPRUCE CUTTINGS PROPAGATED IN GREENHOUSE AND OUTSIDE FRAMES

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (8) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid

Four monthly collections of dormant Norway spruce cuttings, January to April, were treated with indolylbutyric acid solutions and propagated in sand in a greenhouse. February and April collections gave better rooting than those of the other two months, while there was appreciably greater mortality of the March and April collections. The results with short cuttings were uniformly superior to those obtained with long cuttings. Other cuttings of the April collection were propagated outside. The short cuttings responded more favourably to outside conditions, while the long cuttings gave equally poor results inside and outside. Indolylbutyric acid treatment had no beneficial effect and was followed by reduced rooting and increased mortality at concentrations from 20 to 60 p.p.m.Results of a late March collection of Norway, white, and black spruce cuttings treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, cane sugar, and organic mercury, indicated that Norway spruce rooted more readily than the two other species. Treatment failed to have a beneficial effect, although injury from indolylacetic acid was somewhat reduced by its combination with organic mercury.The results of these and the other experiments reported indicate that short Norway spruce cuttings over the period from January to April root to the extent of about 50%. A May collection, an early June collection with new growth on the cuttings, and a late June collection in which the cuttings were made from new growth only, gave inappreciable rooting. Similar new-growth cuttings did, however, give some rooting when propagated in sand watered with nutrient salts.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VII. OUTDOOR PROPAGATION OF A NOVEMBER COLLECTION OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS TREATED WITH PHYTOHORMONES, CANE SUGAR, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (11) ◽  
pp. 566-577
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
J. W. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Propagation Medium ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid ◽  
Phytohormone Treatment

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings were collected in mid-November and treated with talc dusts containing two separate phytohormone chemicals, indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, in three concentrations, 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., alone, and in combination with cane sugar and an organic mercurial disinfectant. Treated cuttings were planted immediately in outside frames in sand and a mixture of sand and peat in equal proportions. They were removed for examination 10 months later. Phytohormone treatment, except with the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of naphthylacetic acid, which was injurious, increased the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots, the number of surviving cuttings, and the number of rooted cuttings with new growth. There were also marked effects on the initiation and development of new growth. The admixture of peat in the propagation medium improved rooting and development of new growth, particularly in certain of the phytohormone treatments. Only about 50% of the controls rooted in both sand and sand-peat, while the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of indolylacetic acid effected 68% rooting in sand and 82% in sand-peat.Both cane sugar and organic mercury significantly affected a number of the responses. However, the effects were comparatively small and depended, for the most part, on interactions with phytohormone treatments and media. Organic mercury increased the number of cuttings rooted by about 6%.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VIII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA AND PHYTOHORMONE DUST TREATMENTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (12) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Suitable Medium ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Selection Of

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings collected in November were treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, planted in five media including two different sands and mixtures of these with peat humus, and propagated in a greenhouse. While 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid treatment increased survival in sand and there were interactions between media and phytohormone treatments, the marked differences between the various media were the striking feature of the results. Mixtures of peat humus with sand were uniformly superior to sand only. There were also some differences between a fine and a coarse sand, when used either alone or in combination with peat. It may accordingly be concluded that selection of a suitable medium is of great importance in the propagation of Norway spruce cuttings.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: IV. EFFECTS OF CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC PHOSPHATE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN TALC DUST ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November from the upper part of the tree were treated with a series of talc dusts containing indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, each at 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., combined with cane sugar at 0 and 10%, and ethyl mercuric phosphate at 0 and 50 p.p.m., and propagated in a greenhouse. Indolylacetic acid at 1000 p.p.m. increased rooting by about 10% to 42.5%, three months after planting, but at 5000 p.p.m. reduced it significantly. Naphthylacetic acid reduced rooting at both concentrations. Indolylacetic acid increased the length of root per rooted cutting. Sugar in combination with indolylacetic acid inhibited the increase in root length caused by the hormone alone; organic mercury alone or in combination with indolylacetic acid reduced root length, but sugar and mercury in combination exerted no greater inhibition than either alone.Mean root length was affected only by indolylacetic acid, which increased it.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: III. EFFECT OF MONTH OF COLLECTION ON THE ROOTING OF DORMANT NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (11) ◽  
pp. 376-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Dust Treatment ◽  
Propagation Period

In a comparison of the rooting responses of cuttings of Norway spruce from upper branches, in which one lot was stored under snow from November until early April and the other collected in late March, there were statistically significant differences. After 12 weeks 38.9% of the November, and 20.7% of the March, cuttings were rooted or calloused. At the end of the propagation period 45.2% of the November, and 66.6% of the March, cuttings were dead. Indolylacetic acid dust treatment did not have a significant effect on the number of cuttings rooted or calloused; it did, however, increase the number that were dead at the end of the experiment.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: I. ROOTING OF CUTTINGS TAKEN FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER REGIONS OF A NORWAY SPRUCE TREE

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (6) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Differences

Cuttings from the upper and lower regions of a Norway spruce tree were treated with talc only, and with talc containing 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. Ten weeks after being planted in sand, 43% of the upper and 75% of the lower cuttings were rooted. Hormone treatment increased the number of roots per rooted cutting but decreased the mean length of root. Lower cuttings produced twice the length of root of the upper cuttings, and the mean length of individual roots was also significantly greater. Nineteen weeks after being planted, the cuttings not rooted at 10 weeks were re-inspected, and gave final rooting values for the experiment of 48% for upper cuttings and 86% for lower. Physiological differences are consequently suggested in cuttings taken from the upper and lower regions.

EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM ACID PHOSPHATE, CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC BROMIDE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN A TALC CARRIER ON THE ROOTING OF STEM CUTTINGS

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (4) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Plant Stem

Greenwood cuttings of Deutzia Lemoinei, Symphoricarpus albus, and Weigela rosea and dormant cuttings of Lonicera tatarica were treated with a series of 32 talc dusts containing potassium acid phosphate at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10%, in combination with 0 and 10% cane sugar, 0 and 50 p.p.m. ethyl mercuric bromide, and 0 and 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. The lower concentrations of phosphate tended to increase rooting and reduce mortality of two of the species of greenwood cuttings whereas the 10% concentration was ineffective or injurious. However, this concentration was favourable to the rooting of dormant cuttings. Indolylacetic acid treatment increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number and length of roots. Beneficial effects were indicated for organic mercury and cane sugar treatments. However, these were attributed largely to the combinations with phosphate and indolylacetic acid. The results indicate that the effectiveness of dusts containing indolylacetic acid in the treatment of plant stem cuttings may be increased by the addition of nutrient and disinfectant chemicals.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: II. EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION AND PHYTOHORMONE DUSTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (9) ◽  
pp. 312-316
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Nutrient Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dust Treatment

Norway spruce cuttings were treated with phytohormone dusts, and nutrient solution was added to the sand in which some of the cuttings were planted. The nutrient treatment greatly increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number that developed new growth, and reduced the number that died. Although talc alone increased top growth, indolylacetic acid, present in three concentrations in talc, had no significant effect on the number of cuttings rooted or dead. However, the hormone dust treatment effected a significant reduction in the length of root per rooted cutting and the mean root length. The results indicate that nutrient salts may, under certain conditions, have a marked influence on the rooting and growth of Norway spruce cuttings.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XI. EFFECTS OF TYPE OF CUTTING ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (2) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Better Than

Full length Norway spruce cuttings, with and without a heel of old wood, were collected from the lower part of the tree at semimonthly intervals from July to October and were propagated in several media in outside frames.Plain cuttings generally rooted better than cuttings with a heel of old wood, as judged by percentage rooted and the number and lengths of root. Heels, however, for'summer collections favoured survival and rooting in sand, and root length in sand–peat. In several experiments involving early spring collections propagated in sand, the presence or absence of heels had little effect on the responses of the cuttings.A late October collection involved six types of plain cuttings taken from the lower part of the tree and propagated in two different sand–peat media. In sedge peat medium there was little difference in the rooting of second order terminal, second order large lateral, second order small lateral, or third order lateral cuttings, the average rooting being 90%. Third order lateral cuttings showed an inferior development of new growth. The percentage of first order terminal cuttings rooted was 67%; these had markedly superior new growth development; when shortened, only 32% of such cuttings rooted. Irregular differences between the types of cutting occurred in the inferior sphagnum peat medium.

scholarly journals The Controversial History of Hormone Replacement Therapy

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Cagnacci ◽  
Martina Venier
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Early Postmenopausal Women ◽  
History Of

The history of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) started in the 1960s, with very high popularity in the 1990s. The first clinical trials on HRT and chronic postmenopausal conditions were started in the USA in the late 1990s. After the announcement of the first results of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) in 2002, which showed that HRT had more detrimental than beneficial effects, HRT use dropped. The negative results of the study received wide publicity, creating panic among some users and new guidance for doctors on prescribing HRT. The clear message from the media was that HRT had more risks than benefits for all women. In the following years, a reanalysis of the WHI trial was performed, and new studies showed that the use of HRT in younger women or in early postmenopausal women had a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, reducing coronary disease and all-cause mortality. Notwithstanding this, the public opinion on HRT has not changed yet, leading to important negative consequences for women’s health and quality of life.

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