VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: I. ROOTING OF CUTTINGS TAKEN FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER REGIONS OF A NORWAY SPRUCE TREE

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (6) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Differences

Cuttings from the upper and lower regions of a Norway spruce tree were treated with talc only, and with talc containing 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. Ten weeks after being planted in sand, 43% of the upper and 75% of the lower cuttings were rooted. Hormone treatment increased the number of roots per rooted cutting but decreased the mean length of root. Lower cuttings produced twice the length of root of the upper cuttings, and the mean length of individual roots was also significantly greater. Nineteen weeks after being planted, the cuttings not rooted at 10 weeks were re-inspected, and gave final rooting values for the experiment of 48% for upper cuttings and 86% for lower. Physiological differences are consequently suggested in cuttings taken from the upper and lower regions.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: IV. EFFECTS OF CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC PHOSPHATE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN TALC DUST ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November from the upper part of the tree were treated with a series of talc dusts containing indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, each at 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., combined with cane sugar at 0 and 10%, and ethyl mercuric phosphate at 0 and 50 p.p.m., and propagated in a greenhouse. Indolylacetic acid at 1000 p.p.m. increased rooting by about 10% to 42.5%, three months after planting, but at 5000 p.p.m. reduced it significantly. Naphthylacetic acid reduced rooting at both concentrations. Indolylacetic acid increased the length of root per rooted cutting. Sugar in combination with indolylacetic acid inhibited the increase in root length caused by the hormone alone; organic mercury alone or in combination with indolylacetic acid reduced root length, but sugar and mercury in combination exerted no greater inhibition than either alone.Mean root length was affected only by indolylacetic acid, which increased it.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: II. EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION AND PHYTOHORMONE DUSTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (9) ◽  
pp. 312-316
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Nutrient Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dust Treatment

Norway spruce cuttings were treated with phytohormone dusts, and nutrient solution was added to the sand in which some of the cuttings were planted. The nutrient treatment greatly increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number that developed new growth, and reduced the number that died. Although talc alone increased top growth, indolylacetic acid, present in three concentrations in talc, had no significant effect on the number of cuttings rooted or dead. However, the hormone dust treatment effected a significant reduction in the length of root per rooted cutting and the mean root length. The results indicate that nutrient salts may, under certain conditions, have a marked influence on the rooting and growth of Norway spruce cuttings.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VI. HORMONE SOLUTION AND DUST TREATMENTS OF SPRUCE CUTTINGS PROPAGATED IN GREENHOUSE AND OUTSIDE FRAMES

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (8) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid

Four monthly collections of dormant Norway spruce cuttings, January to April, were treated with indolylbutyric acid solutions and propagated in sand in a greenhouse. February and April collections gave better rooting than those of the other two months, while there was appreciably greater mortality of the March and April collections. The results with short cuttings were uniformly superior to those obtained with long cuttings. Other cuttings of the April collection were propagated outside. The short cuttings responded more favourably to outside conditions, while the long cuttings gave equally poor results inside and outside. Indolylbutyric acid treatment had no beneficial effect and was followed by reduced rooting and increased mortality at concentrations from 20 to 60 p.p.m.Results of a late March collection of Norway, white, and black spruce cuttings treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, cane sugar, and organic mercury, indicated that Norway spruce rooted more readily than the two other species. Treatment failed to have a beneficial effect, although injury from indolylacetic acid was somewhat reduced by its combination with organic mercury.The results of these and the other experiments reported indicate that short Norway spruce cuttings over the period from January to April root to the extent of about 50%. A May collection, an early June collection with new growth on the cuttings, and a late June collection in which the cuttings were made from new growth only, gave inappreciable rooting. Similar new-growth cuttings did, however, give some rooting when propagated in sand watered with nutrient salts.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VII. OUTDOOR PROPAGATION OF A NOVEMBER COLLECTION OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS TREATED WITH PHYTOHORMONES, CANE SUGAR, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (11) ◽  
pp. 566-577
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
J. W. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Propagation Medium ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid ◽  
Phytohormone Treatment

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings were collected in mid-November and treated with talc dusts containing two separate phytohormone chemicals, indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, in three concentrations, 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., alone, and in combination with cane sugar and an organic mercurial disinfectant. Treated cuttings were planted immediately in outside frames in sand and a mixture of sand and peat in equal proportions. They were removed for examination 10 months later. Phytohormone treatment, except with the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of naphthylacetic acid, which was injurious, increased the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots, the number of surviving cuttings, and the number of rooted cuttings with new growth. There were also marked effects on the initiation and development of new growth. The admixture of peat in the propagation medium improved rooting and development of new growth, particularly in certain of the phytohormone treatments. Only about 50% of the controls rooted in both sand and sand-peat, while the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of indolylacetic acid effected 68% rooting in sand and 82% in sand-peat.Both cane sugar and organic mercury significantly affected a number of the responses. However, the effects were comparatively small and depended, for the most part, on interactions with phytohormone treatments and media. Organic mercury increased the number of cuttings rooted by about 6%.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VIII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA AND PHYTOHORMONE DUST TREATMENTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (12) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Suitable Medium ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Selection Of

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings collected in November were treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, planted in five media including two different sands and mixtures of these with peat humus, and propagated in a greenhouse. While 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid treatment increased survival in sand and there were interactions between media and phytohormone treatments, the marked differences between the various media were the striking feature of the results. Mixtures of peat humus with sand were uniformly superior to sand only. There were also some differences between a fine and a coarse sand, when used either alone or in combination with peat. It may accordingly be concluded that selection of a suitable medium is of great importance in the propagation of Norway spruce cuttings.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: III. EFFECT OF MONTH OF COLLECTION ON THE ROOTING OF DORMANT NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (11) ◽  
pp. 376-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Dust Treatment ◽  
Propagation Period

In a comparison of the rooting responses of cuttings of Norway spruce from upper branches, in which one lot was stored under snow from November until early April and the other collected in late March, there were statistically significant differences. After 12 weeks 38.9% of the November, and 20.7% of the March, cuttings were rooted or calloused. At the end of the propagation period 45.2% of the November, and 66.6% of the March, cuttings were dead. Indolylacetic acid dust treatment did not have a significant effect on the number of cuttings rooted or calloused; it did, however, increase the number that were dead at the end of the experiment.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: V. THE EFFECT OF INDOLYLACETIC ACID AND NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (4) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace ◽  
M. W. Thistle
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November 1938 were treated, in three experiments, with a series of solutions containing from 1/729 to 400 p.p.m. of indolylacetic acid. The effects, in all concentrations, were reduced rooting and increased mortality. The addition of nutrient salts to the treating solution further reduced rooting and increased mortality of the cuttings. These negative results of solution treatments contrast with beneficial effects already reported for application of indolylacetic acid in talc dust.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF A SERIES OF INDOLYL ACIDS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (11) ◽  
pp. 373-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Active Chemical ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fresh Root

The physiological activity of a series of indolyl acids, from the acetic to the valeric, including 5-methyl-indolylpropionic, has been determined by the rooting responses of Lonicera tartarica cuttings treated with solutions of each. Indolylbutyric acid was the most active chemical, affecting the number and length of roots per rooted cutting, the mean root length, the green weight of leaves, and the fresh root weights. Indolylacetic acid had significant effects on the number and length of roots per rooted cutting. Slight activity was shown by indolylpropionic acid, but neither indolylvaleric acid nor 5-methyl-indolylpropionic showed any significant treatment effects. None of the acids affected the number of cuttings rooted.

EFFECTS OF CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC PHOSPHATE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN TALC ON THE ROOTING OF CUTTINGS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (10) ◽  
pp. 321-333
Author(s):  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Factorial Series ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Physocarpus Opulifolius ◽  
Fresh Root

Cuttings of two herbaceous and two dormant woody plants were treated with a factorial series of talc dusts containing cane sugar, ethyl mercuric phosphate and indolylacetic acid. The effect of the dusts on cuttings of Coleus Blumei and Iresine Lindeni was determined by the number of roots per rooted cutting, the length of root mass and dry weight of roots. Each of the three factors gave at least one significant effect with both plants. Iresine Lindeni cuttings showed two significant interactions, one between organic mercury and indolylacetic acid on the number of roots per rooted cutting, the other between sugar and indolylacetic acid on the length of root mass. Dormant Lonicera tartarica cuttings showed significant effects from indolylacetic acid on the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots per rooted cutting, the mean root length, and fresh root weights. Green leaf weights of this plant were significantly affected by sugar, and the sugar × organic mercury, and sugar × organic mercury × indolylacetic acid interactions. Fresh root weights also gave a significant triple interaction. The number of Physocarpus opulifolius cuttings rooted was significantly increased by organic mercury as were the dry root weights. Root weights also were affected by sugar treatment. This plant failed to make any significant response to indolylacetic acid treatment.The results indicate that cane sugar and ethyl mercuric phosphate, as well as indolylacetic acid, affect some of the rooting responses of plant cuttings. It is suggested that the dust method of treating cuttings may be used to supply factors, other than the recognized growth stimulating chemicals, that are advantageous to successful vegetative propagation of plants.

scholarly journals Modelling Bark Thickness of Norway Spruce (Picea abies Karst)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Jusuf Musić ◽  
Velid Halilović ◽  
Jelena Knežević ◽  
Admir Avdagić ◽  
Aida Ibrahimspahić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Optimal Model ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Actual Method

Background and Purpose: Bark thickness and its share in the volume of roundwood are the most important characteristics of the bark, particularly in the process of timber harvesting, and during scaling of processed logs. Therefore it is very important to have at disposal relatively accurate data regarding these characteristics of bark for particular tree species. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the thickness of the bark and its share in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the area of the Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and it encompassed 393 trees of Norway spruce from 10 cm to 115 cm of thickness at breast height. Measuring of the mean diameter and double thickness of bark was conducted by section method. In total, 4,647 diameters and bark thicknesses were measured in different relative lengths of stems or in average 10.6 measurements per one stem. Results: As an optimal model for the evaluation of double thickness of the bark of Norway spruce depending on mean diameter of roundwood the function with designated determination coefficient of 0.7142 was selected. The obtained results have confirmed the previously defined relations of investigate characteristics, which are as following: a) with the increase of mean diameter of roundwood (section) double bark thickness is increased from 9.26 mm (thickness class 12.5 cm) to 31.65 mm (thickness class 92.5 cm); b) with the increase of mean diameter of roundwood the share of bark in its volume decreased from 14.26% (thickness class 12.5 cm) to 6.73% (thickness class 92.5 cm). Conclusions: By the actual method of estimating bark thickness or the share of bark in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce in the forestry of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina a significant error was created which increases with the increase of mean diameter. The obtained results point to the necessity of investigation of these bark characteristics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and represent an inevitable starting point for making adequate tables of bark thickness and its percentage share in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce.

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