STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: II. THE CHANNEL PROCESS—PRODUCTION FROM THE NATURAL GAS OF TURNER VALLEY, ALBERTA

1936 ◽  
Vol 14b (4) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
L. M. Pidgeon
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Channel Process ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Commercial Carbon ◽  
Channel Type

The production of carbon black in an experimental plant of the channel type is described. Carbon black has been produced from Turner Valley dry gas in yields as high as 1.3 lb. per 1000 cu. ft. The rubber reinforcing properties, methylene blue sorption, and per cent extractable are similar to those of the commercial carbon blacks available at present. The presence of hydrogen sulphide in the gas has been examined, but little effect on yields and properties was noticed with concentrations as high as 1% by volume.

STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: IV. THE CHANNEL PROCESS—THE EFFECT OF DRAFT CONTROL AND CHANNEL HEIGHT ON RUBBER REINFORCEMENT, SORPTION, AND VOLATILE CONTENT

1937 ◽  
Vol 15b (5) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
L. M. Pidgeon
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Channel Height ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
Very High ◽  
Channel Type

In an experimental carbon black plant of the channel type, the effect of channel height, draft control and gas composition on the properties of the carbon has been examined. The channel height was shown to be the most important variable. The rubber reinforcement and the yield of the carbon vary in a similar manner with the channel height at which the carbon was recovered. The sorption of the iodine and methylene blue increased almost logarithmically with the channel height. No direct relation between reinforcement and sorption is possible over the whole range, although the very high sorption obtained at greater channel heights was accompanied by a retarded cure. Sorption was increased by heating the blacks. The volatile content is high at low channel heights, passing through a minimum at the point of optimum yield. This test showed even poorer correlation with rubber reinforcement. Apparent density varied directly with channel height.The effect of draft control upon reinforcement, sorption, and volatile content was indefinite. However, the volatile content seemed to vary directly with the yield. No effects characteristic of the gas composition were found.

Surface Activity and Chemistry of Thermal Carbon Blacks

2000 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Darmstadt ◽  
N-Z. Cao ◽  
D. M. Pantea ◽  
C. Roy ◽  
L. Sümmchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

Abstract The surface energy of thermal and furnace carbon blacks was determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. In general, the specific surface energy decreases with decreasing carbon black specific surface area. However, there is also an influence of the concentration of impurities during the carbon black production. The surface energy decreases with decreasing concentration of impurities. The carbon black surface and bulk chemistry was studied by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used for characterization of the surface morphology. Thermal grades of carbon black produced from high purity natural gas feedstock do not contain fewer surface functional groups than the other grades. No correlation between the concentration and nature of the oxygen and sulphur surface groups and the carbon black surface energy was found. Instead, a correlation between the surface energy and the polyaromatic character of the carbon black surface exists. Both increased in the order: thermal blacks from high purity natural gas feedstock < thermal black from oil feedstock < furnace blacks. The increase of the surface energy might be related to the formation of active sites which are formed upon removal of non-carbon elements during the carbon black formation. There was no principal difference in the surface morphology of thermal blacks from high purity gas feedstock and other blacks.

A Broad Nomenclature for Carbon Blacks

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-697
Author(s):  
Donald F. Cranor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
The United States ◽  
Channel Process ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Channel Type

Abstract The introduction of new carbons for use in rubber and the application of established grades to new uses has led to a confusing terminology. Perhaps it should be said that lack of terminology has led to confusion. Since entry of the United States into the War, reclaimed rubber has been used more generously in tires, including tread stocks, to extend the natural rubber stockpile. This has brought about a considerable use of black of the impingement channel type, which is slightly coarser and somewhat less reenforcing than that previously employed in tire treads. The grade in question has long been available for specialized uses, and has been referred to within the carbon industry as “soft channel black”. However, it is unfortunate that rubber compounders have more recently come quite frequently to refer to this type simply as “soft black”. Intermediate carbons not made by the channel process are now receiving wide attention. These, and a large group of already established grades, are distinctly coarser than the softest channel black, so it is a matter of some importance to exercise care in the nomenclature.

scholarly journals Upgrading pyrolytic residue from waste tires to commercial carbon black

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Hengxiang Li ◽  
Qing Cao ◽  
Li’e Jin ◽  
Fumeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Pyrolytic Carbon ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Commercial Carbon

The managing and recycling of waste tires has become a worldwide environmental challenge. Among the different disposal methods for waste tires, pyrolysis is regarded as a promising route. How to effectively enhance the added value of pyrolytic residue (PR) from waste tires is a matter of great concern. In this study, the PRs were treated with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in turn under ultrasonic waves. The removal efficiency for the ash and sulfur was investigated. The pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) obtained after treating PR with acids was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, laser Raman spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and physisorption apparatus. The properties of PCB were compared with those of commercial carbon black (CCB) N326 and N339. Results showed PRs from waste tires were mainly composed of carbon, sulfur, and ash. The carbon in PCB was mainly from the CCB added during tire manufacture rather than from the pyrolysis of pure rubbers. The removal percentages for the ash and sulfur of PR are 98.33% (from 13.98 wt % down to 0.24 wt %) and 70.16% (from 1.81 wt % down to 0.54 wt %), respectively, in the entire process. The ash was mainly composed of metal oxides, sulfides, and silica. The surface properties, porosity, and morphology of the PCB were all close to those of N326. Therefore, PCB will be a potential alternative of N326 and reused in tire manufacture. This route successfully upgrades PR from waste tires to the high value-added CCB and greatly increases the overall efficiency of the waste tire pyrolysis industry.

A Carbon Black Structure-Concentration Equivalence Principle. Application to Stress-Strain Relationships of Filled Rubbers

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Deformation Structure ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Dependent Factor

Abstract It is shown that various modulus values of carbon black reinforced rubber are functions of the product of the actual black loading and a structure dependent factor. The structure factor appears to be a linear function of the so-called 24M4 value of the dibutylphthalate absorption and is independent of elongation, temperature, and degree of cross-linking over the ranges covered by the data reported. An interpretation of the results is offered based on the idea of polymer occluded in the interstices of primary structure aggregates and thereby shielded from deformation. Structure-concentration equivalence can only be demonstrated with carbon blacks differing in (primary) structure alone. Deviations are observed whenever the carbon blacks compared vary significantly in specific surface area and surface chemical activity.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

scholarly journals Equitable Sharing and End Use of Natural Gas

1969 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
C. A. Rae
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Equitable Sharing ◽  
The Law ◽  
End Use

Pursuant to the Doctrine of Correlative Rights, an owner of property in an oil and gas pool is entitled to an opportunity to produce his just and equitable share of the oil and gas in the pool. If such an owner does not exercise this opportunity, this article concludes that the Rule of Capture is the law in Alberta, and the owner who is drained has no right under existing conservation legislation to limit the cummulative share of production of another owner in the pool. Natural gas has many uses in addition to its use as light and fuel. This article further submits, that under the provisions of the Alberta Oil and Gas Conservation Act, the Board has the power to regulate the end use of gas, and as such, could prohibit the use of natural gas in the manufacture of chemicals, fertilizers and carbon black.

CARBON BLACK FOR RACING AND MOTORCYCLE TIRE TREADS. PERFORMANCE MODEL DEVELOPMENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-506
Author(s):  
Irene S. Yurovska ◽  
Michael D. Morris ◽  
Theo Al
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Racing tires and motorcycle tires present individual segments of the tire market. For instance, while the average life of car and truck tires is 50 000 miles, the average life of race tires is 100 miles. Because tires play a critical role in a race, technical demands to assure safety and performance are growing. Similarly, tires have a large influence on safety, handling/grip, and performance of the rapidly growing world fleet of motorcycles, due to the fact of only two wheels being in contact with the ground. Thus, the common feature of both market segments is that the typical tire compromise of wear, rolling resistance, and traction is strongly weighted toward traction. Most of the recent efforts of rubber scientists have been directed toward lowering rolling resistance of the tread compounds, which left a certain void in the science of compounding for racing and motorcycle treads. Particularly, the industrial assortment of polymers and fillers used for motorcycle treads is commonly different from that used for car or truck treads, but it is not known how the filler properties affect the hysteresis–stiffness compromise. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the carbon black characteristics on the important properties of a typical racing and motorcycle tire tread compound. More than 50 individual carbon blacks were mixed in a SBR formulation. The acquired data were statistically analyzed, and a linear multiple regression model was developed to relate rubber properties (responses), such as static modulus, complex dynamic modulus, hysteresis, and viscosity to the key carbon black characteristics (variables) of surface area, structure, aggregate size distribution, and surface activity. Prediction profiles created from the model demonstrate rubber performance limits for the range of carbon blacks tested, and indicate the niches to provide required combinations of the rubber properties.

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