STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: IV. EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND CULTURAL PRACTICE ON THE RELATIVE PREVALENCE OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM SPP. AS INDICATED BY ISOLATIONS FROM WHEAT PLANTS

1934 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Relative Prevalence ◽  
Marked Tendency

The crown and root tissue from 43,305 of 47,360 plants examined in this investigation yielded Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium culmorum and other Fusarium spp., either alone or in combination with these or other fungi and bacteria. It was the exception for any mature plant, the surface tissue of which was disinfected, to be free from fungi or bacteria. None of the various crop sequences or cultural practices used in this study appeared to significantly affect more than another the relative prevalence of either H. sativum or Fusarium spp., as indicated by isolations from the crown tissue of wheat. However, as there was a marked tendency at certain stations each year for H. sativum or Fusarium spp. to predominate, it was concluded that certain factors of the environment were more effective than the crop sequence in modifying the relative prevalence of the two fungi mentioned in the crown and root tissue of wheat plants.

ON THE PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENIC FORMS OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM CULMORUM IN THE SOIL OF WHEAT FIELDS AND ITS RELATION TO THE ROOT ROT PROBLEM

1934 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sanford ◽  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Pot Culture

A total of 227 isolates of Helminthosporium sativum and 286 of Fusarium sp. (culmorum type) were obtained from the diseased crown tissue of wheat stubble in five fields located in the black soil belt of central Alberta, and an attempt was made to determine their relative virulence on wheat seedlings and on mature plants. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, with a range of soil temperature. Sterilized, artificially infested soil in open pot culture was used. The results indicated that the Helminthosporium isolates were as a rule moderately to weakly pathogenic, and that most of the Fusarium isolates were only weakly pathogenic to wheat plants in the seedling stage. Some isolates of each pathogen exhibited extreme virulence, but judging from the results on seedling plants, virulent strains were rather rare in the fields studied. On mature plants both fungi showed about equal degrees of virulence, which was on the whole weak, and the results were not considered significant for the purpose of the study. More isolates of the greater degrees of virulence were obtained from certain fields than from others. In view of the great susceptibility of seedling plants in sterilized re-infested soil and the variable results, presumably caused by association effects of contaminants of the soil in open pot culture, it was concluded that the object of the study could not be attained by means of data based on the seedling stage, or by the technique employed. The possibility of significant results being secured in sterilized re-infested soil, protected from contamination, and based only on mature plants, is discussed in relation to the root rot problem.

EFFECT OF GRASSES ON HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM IN SOIL

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Ledingham ◽  
S. H. F. Chinn
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum

Relatively few spores of Helminthosporium sativum P.K. and B. were found on the crowns and roots and in the soil surrounding the crowns and roots of established stands of bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss., and crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Isolations from crown and root tissue yielded few cultures of H. sativum. Wheat and barley grown in comparable locations had high rates of infection, and spores were produced in abundance. These grasses apparently do not serve as an important infection reservoir for H. sativum in crop rotation and they should be useful in eradicating the pathogen from the soil. Fusarium culmorum was rarely isolated from grasses, although other Fusarium spp. were common.

STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: I. EFFECT OF AGE OF THE WHEAT PLANT UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOT AND ROOT ROT

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Made In

Studies were made to determine whether, in sterilized inoculated soil, Marquis wheat plants became more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage to Ophiobolus graminis, Helminthosporium sativum, and Fusarium culmorum. While it was found that the plants in the seedling stage were more susceptible than at later stages, there was, with the technique used, no evidence that the plants become more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage. The reasons for indefinite evidence on this important question are given. In sterilized soil, in open pot culture, inoculum of O. graminis was definitely more virulent when alone than when mixed singly or in combination with H. sativum, F. culmorum or Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides. The virulence of all pathogenes mentioned decreased progressively in sterilized soil, the greatest decrease taking place during the first 40 days, after which they were only slightly pathogenic and at the end of 120 days inoculum of O. graminis was impotent. The virulence of inoculum when added to unsterilized soil was greatly reduced in contrast with that in sterilized soil, and after 10 days it was practically at a minimum. These results emphasize the necessity of protecting inoculated sterilized soil against contamination by other micro-organisms in critical studies made in soil. They also throw light on the much recognized difficulty of producing foot rot in the field by prepared inoculum added to such soil.

STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: VII. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Tyner ◽  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The effect of iron tartrate on the development of chlorosis in wheat seedlings in nutrient solutions, and also the effect of extracts of Helminthosporium sativum P. K. & B. and Fusarium culmorum W. G. Sm. on disease expression, were studied under greenhouse conditions. Iron tartrate was effective in preventing chlorosis. Less iron was required in summer plantings than in winter plantings. Also, less iron was required in solutions with the higher hydrogen ion concentrations. Under the conditions employed, manganese effected no amelioration of chlorotic symptoms in the presence of a deficiency of iron.Sterilized and unsterilized filtered extracts of the pathogens mentioned added to crocks of the nutrient solution inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings, an effect in soil culture which is interpreted as an index of pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Impacts of previous crops on inoculum of Fusarium culmorum in soil, and development of foot and root rot of durum wheat in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Eya KHEMIR ◽  
Samira CHEKALI ◽  
Antonio MORETTI ◽  
Mohamed Salah GHARBI ◽  
Mohamed Bechir ALLAGUI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Kernel Weights

Fusarium foot and root rot (FFRR) of cereals, caused by Fusarium culmorum and other Fusarium spp., is one of the most important soil- and residue-borne diseases in Tunisia. Management of the disease relies primarily on cultural practices such as crop rotation. Impacts of previous crops on the population of F. culmorum in the soil, and the incidence and severity of FFRR in durum wheat, were evaluated under Tunisian farming systems. A field trial showed that break crops of faba bean and fenugreek reduced the amount of F. culmorum DNA in soil, by 58% (faba bean) and 65% (fenugreek), and decreased numbers of F. culmorum propagules per g of soil by 83% (faba bean) and 85% (fenugreek). Farm demonstration trials also showed that faba bean and vetch used as previous crops reduced F. culmorum inoculum in the soil. Non-cereal crops also reduced the incidence of F. culmorum present in durum wheat roots and stem bases. The greatest grain yields and thousand kernel weights were recorded when faba bean and vetch were used as previous crops, but were less where durum wheat was previously grown. There were strong correlations between inoculum level of F. culmorum in the soil and incidence of FFRR in the following year. Results obtained in the field trial were supported by those collected from three demonstration farm trials during two cropping seasons. This study demonstrated for the first time in Tunisia and the Mediterranean region that break crops are effective for reducing F. culmorum inoculum in the soil and decreasing the pathogen in wheat roots and stem bases. Inoculum levels in soil can predict the expression of the disease in the following year in Tunisian farming conditions. These results are likely to be useful for developing and implementing guidelines for the management of FFRR of durum wheat.

Associations between Fusarium species and mycotoxins in oats and spring wheat from farmers’ fields in Norway over a six-year period

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.S. Hofgaard ◽  
H.U. Aamot ◽  
T. Torp ◽  
M. Jestoi ◽  
V.M.T. Lattanzio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Relative Prevalence

During the last ten years, Norwegian cereal grain industry has experienced large challenges due to Fusarium spp. and Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of small-grained cereals. To prevent severely contaminated grain lots from entering the grain supply chain, it is important to establish surveys for the most prevalent Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins. The objective of our study was to quantify and calculate the associations between Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins prevalent in oats and spring wheat. In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, 178 grain samples of spring wheat and 289 samples of oats were collected from farmers’ fields in South East Norway. The grains were analysed for 18 different Fusarium-mycotoxins by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. Generally, the median mycotoxin levels were higher than reported in Norwegian studies covering previous years. The DNA content of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae and Fusarium avenaceum were determined by quantitative PCR. We identified F. graminearum as the main deoxynivalenol (DON) producer in oats and spring wheat, and F. langsethiae as the main HT-2 and T-2-toxins producer in oats. No association was observed between quantity of F. graminearum DNA and quantity of F. langsethiae DNA nor for their respective mycotoxins, in oats. F. avenaceum was one of the most prevalent Fusarium species in both oats and spring wheat. The following ranking of Fusarium species was made based on the DNA concentrations of the Fusarium spp. analysed in this survey (from high to low): F. graminearum = F. langsethiae = F. avenaceum > F. poae > F. culmorum (oats); F. graminearum = F. avenaceum > F. culmorum > F. poae = F. langsethiae (spring wheat). Our results are in agreement with recently published data indicating a shift in the relative prevalence of Fusarium species towards more F. graminearum versus F. culmorum in Norwegian oats and spring wheat.

scholarly journals Yield reduction caused by a soil-borne disease of naked, dwarf, and conventional oat in Finland

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-483
Author(s):  
Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio ◽  
Jari P. T. Valkonen ◽  
Hilkka Koponen
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
The University ◽  
Field Plots

A severe disease occurred in the field plots of naked (cv. Salomon), dwarf (cv. Pal), and conventional oat (cvs. Jalostettu maatiainen and Salo) at the Viikki Experimental Farm of the University of Helsinki, Finland, in 1994 and 1995. Symptoms were expressed as grayish-brown necrotic areas on the lower leaves which killed plants from the seedling to heading stage, the effect being cultivar dependent. The proportion of plants killed contributed to the yield losses. The infection also resulted in less grains per panicle and lower weight of both panicle and vegetative above-ground biomass. From a total of 57 fungal isolates obtained from infected leaves, Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. and F. sambucinum Fuck, dominated and subsequently caused infection (particularly foot and root rot) in oat in laboratory tests. These two Fusarium spp. were considered to be the primary causal agents of the symptoms observed in the field, although other pathogens may have been present. The disease was probably soil-borne. The results of this study suggested that the unusually dry and warm weather during late June and in July was the principal factor behind the severe disease outbreak.

Root rot severity and fungal populations in spring common, durum and spelt wheat, and Kamut grown under organic management in western Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
S. L. Fox ◽  
P. Hucl ◽  
A. K. Singh ◽  
F. C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Organic Management ◽  
Spelt Wheat ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Relative Prevalence

Fernandez, M. R., Fox, S. L., Hucl, P., Singh, A. K. and Stevenson, F. C. 2014. Root rot severity and fungal populations in spring common, durum and spelt wheat, and Kamut grown under organic management in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 937–946. A 3-yr field study (2010 to 2012) was conducted in the Brown soil zone of southwest Saskatchewan to determine the reactions of common, durum and spelt wheat cultivars currently registered in western Canada, and of Kamut wheat, to common root rot (CRR) under organic management. The genotypes selected for this study are often grown by organic producers in this region. Over the 3 yr of this study, Cochliobolus sativus, the main causal agent of CRR, was the fungus most frequently isolated from discoloured subcrown internodes, followed by Fusarium spp. The latter constituted an overall total of over 19% of all isolations and consisted of at least 12 different species, the most frequently detected of which were F. equiseti, F. avenaceum, F. acuminatum and F. oxysporum. The relative prevalence of the most commonly isolated genera/species agrees most closely with previous studies conducted under organic management. In general, C. sativus was less common in Kamut than in durum and spelt wheat, and it was more frequently isolated from durum than common wheat. In contrast, there were few differences in the isolation of Fusarium spp. among wheat species. Their isolation was greater for common wheat and Kamut than for durum wheat. For all 3 yr, the greatest mean CRR severity was observed in spelt wheat, followed by durum wheat and Kamut, with common wheat having the lowest average severity. For individual cultivars, the durum wheat AC Avonlea, Kyle and Transcend had the greatest CRR severity of all cultivars in this species and CDC Verona the lowest. Common wheat cultivars AC Elsa, CDC Kernen and Red Fife had the greatest CRR severity and Superb and Unity the lowest severity within their species. Under organic conditions, avoiding growing cultivars with high susceptibility to CRR is recommended given the expected presence of this disease in most fields and environments.

Effects of cultivation and cultural practice on root rot of subterranean clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
GC MacNish
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Second Year

Field experiments in 1975 and 1976 in south-western Western Australia investigated the effects of various cultivation and cultural practices on the level of root rot of subterranean clover. The treatments produced significant reductions in the levels of both tap and lateral root rot, but these reductions failed to persist beyond the second year after treatment. The best treatments were those of fallowing an area from August to March before cultivation and reseeding, or spring cultivation before sowing to oats followed by a March cultivation and reseeding.

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