Marker allozyme genes and alleles for differentiation of Populus deltoides, P. nigra, P. maximowiczii, and their interspecific hybrids

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 990-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Controlled Crosses ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to compare the allelic constitution of individuals of Populus deltoides Marsh., P. nigra L., P. maximowiczii Henry, P. ×canadensis Moench, and F1 progeny of controlled crosses. Forty allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips were observed. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii were genetically distinct from each other. Each of these species had unique alleles at many loci, and one or two of these species also had some species-specific genes. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii could be distinguished by mutually exclusive or unique alleles at any of the four allozyme loci Aco-2, Lap-1, Lap-2, and Pgi-2. Additionally, allozymes of Pgm-1, 6-Pgd-2, 6-Pgd-4, and 6-Pgd-5 could be used as markers to distinguish P. deltoides from P. nigra and P. maximowiczii, allozymes of Mdh-2, Per-3, Pgm-2, and Pgm-3 to distinguish P. nigra from P. deltoïdes and P. maximowiczii, and allozymes of Got-1, Got-4, and Pgi-1 to distinguish P. maximowiczii from P. deltoides and P. nigra. The observed marker allozyme genes and alleles can be effectively used for discriminating among the three Populus species and their interspecific hybrids, and identification and verification of paternity of progeny of single-pair and interspecific pollen-mix controlled crosses. Biochemical and molecular markers have significance in genetics, breeding, and systematics of these Populus species. Key words: Populus, allozymes, diagnostic genes and alleles, species and hybrid differentiation, enzyme electrophoresis.

Allozyme divergence and evolutionary relationships among Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Genetic Identity ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to study genetic divergence among Populus deltoides Marsh. (section Aigeiros Duby, Salicaceae), P. nigra L. (section Aigeiros), and P. maximowiczii Henry (section Tacamahaca Spach.) at 37 to 40 allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips. These three Populus species were genetically distinct from each other. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii had mutually exclusive alleles at two loci, and each of these species had unique alleles at many loci. Certain allozyme loci were detected only in one or two of these species. Frequency distributions of allozyme loci were bimodal with respect to genetic identity for comparisons between any two species. The mean genetic distance was 0.36 ± 0.10 between P. deltoides and P. nigra, 0.39 ± 0.09 between P. deltoides and P. maximowiczii, and 0.34 ± 0.10 between P. nigra and P. maximowiczii. The enzyme electrophoretic evidence indicated a monophyletic origin of the three Populus species.Key words: poplars, genetic identity and divergence, allozymes, molecular evolution, phylogenetics.

Genetic structure and identification of Populus deltoides clones based on allozymes

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

The allelic constitution of 30 Populus deltoides Marsh, clones selected in Canada and United States was determined for 37 allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips. The enzymes were assayed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. One common allele was found at each locus in all clones. The interclonal allozyme variability was controlled by 12 loci. The average proportion of heterozygous loci per clone was 4.7%. There were 23 unique multilocus genotypes among 30 clones. On average, unique genotypes differed from each other at 4.33 loci. Principal-component analysis of clonal genotypes at 12 polymorphic loci indicated 8 loci to be the most differentiating for the clones. The first three principal components accounted for 47.6% of the total variation in 12 polymorphic loci. The ordination and grouping of the clones on principal components 1, 2, and 3 portrayed clonal relationships. Clones from the same small nautral population at Cherry Beach, Ont., and five clones of P. deltoides var. occidentalis were in the same group. There was no separation of clones of two varieties, P. deltoides var. deltoides and P. deltoides var. occidentalis. These results and their usefulness were discussed with reference to identification, certification, registration, and relationships of clones.Key words: Populus deltoides Marsh., allozymes, multilocus genotypes, clone characterization, clonal relationships, poplars.

Multilocus genetic structure, characterization, and relationships of Populus × canadensis cultivars

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

The genotypes of 21 clones of 18 Populus × canadensis Moench cultivars ('Baden 431', 'Blanc du Poitou', 'Canada Blanc', 'DN44', 'Dorskamp 925', 'Eugenei', 'Gelrica', 'Grandis', 'Heidemij', 'I-55/56', 'I-132/56', 'I-262', 'Jacometti', 'Ostia', 'Regenerata', 'Robusta', 'Steckby', and 'Zurich 03/3') were determined for 31 allozyme loci coding for 9 enzyme systems in root tips. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to assay the enzymes. All clones had allozyme gene and allele contribution from both P. deltoides Marsh, and P. nigra L. The interclonal allozyme variability was controlled by nine loci. 'Canada Blanc' and 'Ostia' shared the same 31-locus genotypes, whereas each of the remaining 19 clones, including 3 clones of 'Robusta' and 2 clones of 'Jacometti', had unique multilocus genotypes. On average, unique genotypes differed from each other at 3.59 loci. Principal-component analysis of the clonal genotypes at 9 variable loci indicated 4 loci (Idh-2, Idh-3, Mdh-4, and Idh-1) to be the most discriminating among the clones. The first two principal components accounted for 48% of the total variance in the nine loci. Clones on the principal component analysis ordination (principal components 1 and 2) were separated into 3 groups; 14 belonged to one group and 5 to a second group. 'Blanc du Poitou' was widely separated from all others. 'Canada Blanc' and 'Steckby' showed the highest genetic interrelationships. Three 'Robusta' clones and two 'Jacometti' clones were in the same group., The interrelationships among the clones based on allozyme genotypes were in general agreement with their speculated origin and (or) morphology.Key words: Populus × canadensis, allozymes, multilocus genotypes, clone–cultivar identification, clone relationships.

scholarly journals Dense Genetic Linkage Maps of Three Populus Species (Populus deltoides, P. nigra and P. trichocarpa) Based on AFLP and Microsatellite Markers

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 787-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Teresa Cervera ◽  
Véronique Storme ◽  
Bart Ivens ◽  
Jaqueline Gusmão ◽  
Ben H Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Aflp Markers ◽  
Linkage Maps ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Mapping Strategy ◽  
Sequence Tagged Sites ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. trichocarpa are the most important species for poplar breeding programs worldwide. In addition, Populus has become a model for fundamental research on trees. Linkage maps were constructed for these three species by analyzing progeny of two controlled crosses sharing the same female parent, Populus deltoides cv. S9-2 × P. nigra cv. Ghoy and P. deltoides cv. S9-2 × P. trichocarpa cv. V24. The two-way pseudotestcross mapping strategy was used to construct the maps. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers that segregated 1:1 were used to form the four parental maps. Microsatellites and sequence-tagged sites were used to align homoeologous groups between the maps and to merge linkage groups within the individual maps. Linkage analysis and alignment of the homoeologous groups resulted in 566 markers distributed over 19 groups for P. deltoides covering 86% of the genome, 339 markers distributed over 19 groups for P. trichocarpa covering 73%, and 369 markers distributed over 28 groups for P. nigra covering 61%. Several tests for randomness showed that the AFLP markers were randomly distributed over the genome.

Enzyme variation in the Anopheles gambiae Giles group of species (Diptera: Culicidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Malic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

AbstractThe genotypes of chromosomally-identified individuals from natural populations of the known species of the group of Anopheles gambiae Giles were scored for the enzyme protein structural loci coding for adenylate kinase (Adk), α-naphthyl acetate esterase (Est-1, Est-2, Est-3), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (Got), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGpd), hexokinase (Hk), isocitric dehydrogenase (Idh), lactic dehydrogenase (Ldh), ‘leucine’ aminopeptidase (Lap-2), malic enzyme (Me), octanol dehydrogenase (Odh), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm-1, Pgm-2), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-Pgd), phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) and superoxide dismutase (Sod), following starch gel electrophoresis. In the material examined, Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Got, ldh, Lap-2, Odh, Pgm-1, Pgm-2 and Sod were segregating for two or more alleles; unique alleles at the Est-1, Got and Sod loci produced species-specific phenotypes in A. melas (Theo.), species C and species D, respectively. The further sampling of A. merus Dön, populations supported the presence of a unique SOD phenotype by which this species can also be identified. Of the other enzyme systems examined, no activity following electrophoresis was detected for aldolase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and the resolution of acid and alkaline phosphatase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and xanthine dehydrogenase was too poor under the particular electrophoretic conditions for genetic analyses of the enzyme phenotypes.

Cytoplasmic Carboxylesterases of Human and Domestic Animal Liver: Aggregation, Dissociation and Molecular Weight Estimation

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ecobichon
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Weight Estimation ◽  
Animal Liver ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Two Peaks

The cytoplasmic carboxylesterases of bovine, ovine, equine and human liver were fractionated by starch gel electrophoresis and by gel filtration on Sephadex. While species-specific, heterogeneous bands were observed in starch gel, the esterases of the bovine, ovine and equine liver were eluted from Sephadex G-100 as single peaks of activity, each with a characteristic elution volume. Gel filtration of human liver extracts yielded two peaks of activity, one containing electrophoretically slow esterases, the other electrophoretically fast esterases. Extracted equine and human hepatic carboxylesterases aggregated readily on storage or concentration, forming larger units which could be dissociated by a combination of acidic pH and high salt concentration. Molecular weight estimates of the hepatic esterases by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-200 yielded values of 65 000 for ovine, 55 000 for bovine, 96 000 and 70 000 for equine variants and 180 000 and 65 000 for human variants. The observations suggested that the cytoplasmic enzymes in relatively crude hepatic extracts had a lower molecular weight than those in concentrated or partially purified preparations which formed stable dimers or trimers.

scholarly journals Asymmetrical natural hybridization between Populus deltoides and P. balsamifera (Salicaceae)This note is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Poplar Research in Canada.

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1227-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Hamzeh ◽  
Christina Sawchyn ◽  
Pierre Périnet ◽  
Selvadurai Dayanandan
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Species Being

Natural hybridization has long been recognized as a means for gene flow between species and has important evolutionary consequences. Although hybridization is generally considered to be symmetrical, with both hybridizing species being equally likely to be the male or female parent, several studies have demonstrated the presence of asymmetrical hybridization and introgression from one species to the other. We investigated the direction of natural hybridization between two sympatric forest tree species in North America ( Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. and Populus balsamifera L.) using species-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in both the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. All natural hybrid individuals, identified from morphological traits, had nuclear alleles corresponding to both parental species, while the chloroplast genotypes showed similarity to P. deltoides, indicating asymmetrical hybridization with P. deltoides as the maternal and P. balsamifera as the paternal donor species. This observed asymmetrical hybridization may be attributable to cytonuclear interactions.

Inter-Species Relationships Within the Genus Oncorhynchus Based on Biochemical Systematics

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tsuyuki ◽  
E. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Oncorhynchus Masou ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Specific Muscle ◽  
Species Specific

The species specific muscle myogens of Salmo gairdnerii, Oncorhynchus masou, O. masou ishikawae, O. kisutch, O. tshawytscha, O. keta, O. nerka, and O. gorbuscha are compared by starch gel electrophoresis. Plasma proteins of these same species are also examined by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. The range of usefulness of muscle myogens in species identification, and equally significantly, their value in establishing phylogenetic relationships of closely related groups, as the genus Oncorhynchus, are discussed. The myogen patterns of O. keta and O. gorbuscha from the Asiatic and North American coasts were found to be identical, further supporting the concept of absolute species specificity of these patterns.

The discrimination of cottonwood clones in a mature grove along the Oldman River in southern Alberta

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 1084-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori A Gom ◽  
Stewart B Rood
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Populus Angustifolia ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Gall Mite ◽  
Oldman River

In southwestern Alberta, the prairie cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia James), and interspecific hybrids provide the foundation of the biologically rich riparian forests. In addition to seedling-based reproduction, these cottonwoods are capable of clonal propagation, the extent of which is poorly understood. To investigate clonality in mature cottonwoods, a method for clone recognition was investigated. Between 1995 and 1997, the morphology and phenology of each tree in a mature cottonwood grove along the Oldman River were characterized. In decreasing order of utility, the characteristics most effective in revealing clones were sex, leaf shape, floral (inflorescence) phenology, and leaf phenology: flushing, senescence, and abscission. Independent traits of poplar bud gall mite (Aceria parapopuli Keifer) susceptibility and trunk architecture were less useful in clone delineation but validated the clonal determinations. Based on the analysis, the grove's 391 trunks (>10 cm diameter) included 115 genotypes, 48 single-trunked individuals, and 67 multiple-trunked clones. The clones (genets) contained from 2 to 53 trunks (ramets). It was found that 88% of trunks belonged to clonal groups, a proportion that was higher than anticipated. The extensive capacity for clonal recruitment should thus be considered in analyses of cottonwood reproductive ecology and cottonwood conservation and restoration programs.Key words: asexual reproduction, clone delineation, cottonwoods, morphology, phenology, Populus.

scholarly journals Comparative study of four Mystus species (Bagridae, Siluriformes) from Thailand: insights into their karyotypic diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Pun Yeesin ◽  
Phichaya Buasriyot ◽  
Sukhonthip Ditcharoen ◽  
Patcharaporn Chaiyasan ◽  
Chatmongkon Suwannapoom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Karyotypic Diversity ◽  
Species Specific

Karyotypes of four catfishes of the genus Mystus Scopoli, 1777 (family Bagridae), M. atrifasciatus Fowler, 1937, M. mysticetus Roberts, 1992, M. singaringan (Bleeker, 1846) and M. wolffii (Bleeker, 1851), were analysed by conventional and Ag-NOR banding as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Microsatellite d(GC)15, d(CAA)10, d(CAT)10 and d(GAA)10 repeat probes were applied in FISH. The obtained data revealed that the four studied species have different chromosome complements. The diploid chromosome numbers (2n) and the fundamental numbers (NF) range between 52 and 102, 54 and 104, 56 and 98, or 58 and 108 in M. mysticetus, M. atrifasciatus, M. singaringan or M. wolffii, respectively. Karyotype formulae of M. mysticetus, M. atrifasciatus, M. singaringan and M. wolffii are 24m+26sm+4a, 26m+24sm+2a, 24m+18sm+14a and 30m+22sm+6a, respectively. A single pair of NORs was identified adjacent to the telomeres of the short arm of chromosome pairs 3 (metacentric) in M. atrifasciatus, 20 (submetacentric) in M. mysticetus, 15 (submetacentric) in M. singaringan, and 5 (metacentric) in M. wolffii. The d(GC)15, d(CAA)10, d(CAT)10 and d(GAA)10 repeats were abundantly distributed in species-specific patterns. Overall, we present a comparison of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic patterns of four species from genus Mystus providing insights into their karyotype diversity in the genus.

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