Genetic structure and identification of Populus deltoides clones based on allozymes

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

The allelic constitution of 30 Populus deltoides Marsh, clones selected in Canada and United States was determined for 37 allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips. The enzymes were assayed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. One common allele was found at each locus in all clones. The interclonal allozyme variability was controlled by 12 loci. The average proportion of heterozygous loci per clone was 4.7%. There were 23 unique multilocus genotypes among 30 clones. On average, unique genotypes differed from each other at 4.33 loci. Principal-component analysis of clonal genotypes at 12 polymorphic loci indicated 8 loci to be the most differentiating for the clones. The first three principal components accounted for 47.6% of the total variation in 12 polymorphic loci. The ordination and grouping of the clones on principal components 1, 2, and 3 portrayed clonal relationships. Clones from the same small nautral population at Cherry Beach, Ont., and five clones of P. deltoides var. occidentalis were in the same group. There was no separation of clones of two varieties, P. deltoides var. deltoides and P. deltoides var. occidentalis. These results and their usefulness were discussed with reference to identification, certification, registration, and relationships of clones.Key words: Populus deltoides Marsh., allozymes, multilocus genotypes, clone characterization, clonal relationships, poplars.

Multilocus genetic structure, characterization, and relationships of Populus × canadensis cultivars

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

The genotypes of 21 clones of 18 Populus × canadensis Moench cultivars ('Baden 431', 'Blanc du Poitou', 'Canada Blanc', 'DN44', 'Dorskamp 925', 'Eugenei', 'Gelrica', 'Grandis', 'Heidemij', 'I-55/56', 'I-132/56', 'I-262', 'Jacometti', 'Ostia', 'Regenerata', 'Robusta', 'Steckby', and 'Zurich 03/3') were determined for 31 allozyme loci coding for 9 enzyme systems in root tips. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to assay the enzymes. All clones had allozyme gene and allele contribution from both P. deltoides Marsh, and P. nigra L. The interclonal allozyme variability was controlled by nine loci. 'Canada Blanc' and 'Ostia' shared the same 31-locus genotypes, whereas each of the remaining 19 clones, including 3 clones of 'Robusta' and 2 clones of 'Jacometti', had unique multilocus genotypes. On average, unique genotypes differed from each other at 3.59 loci. Principal-component analysis of the clonal genotypes at 9 variable loci indicated 4 loci (Idh-2, Idh-3, Mdh-4, and Idh-1) to be the most discriminating among the clones. The first two principal components accounted for 48% of the total variance in the nine loci. Clones on the principal component analysis ordination (principal components 1 and 2) were separated into 3 groups; 14 belonged to one group and 5 to a second group. 'Blanc du Poitou' was widely separated from all others. 'Canada Blanc' and 'Steckby' showed the highest genetic interrelationships. Three 'Robusta' clones and two 'Jacometti' clones were in the same group., The interrelationships among the clones based on allozyme genotypes were in general agreement with their speculated origin and (or) morphology.Key words: Populus × canadensis, allozymes, multilocus genotypes, clone–cultivar identification, clone relationships.

Allozyme divergence and evolutionary relationships among Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Genetic Identity ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to study genetic divergence among Populus deltoides Marsh. (section Aigeiros Duby, Salicaceae), P. nigra L. (section Aigeiros), and P. maximowiczii Henry (section Tacamahaca Spach.) at 37 to 40 allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips. These three Populus species were genetically distinct from each other. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii had mutually exclusive alleles at two loci, and each of these species had unique alleles at many loci. Certain allozyme loci were detected only in one or two of these species. Frequency distributions of allozyme loci were bimodal with respect to genetic identity for comparisons between any two species. The mean genetic distance was 0.36 ± 0.10 between P. deltoides and P. nigra, 0.39 ± 0.09 between P. deltoides and P. maximowiczii, and 0.34 ± 0.10 between P. nigra and P. maximowiczii. The enzyme electrophoretic evidence indicated a monophyletic origin of the three Populus species.Key words: poplars, genetic identity and divergence, allozymes, molecular evolution, phylogenetics.

Marker allozyme genes and alleles for differentiation of Populus deltoides, P. nigra, P. maximowiczii, and their interspecific hybrids

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 990-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Controlled Crosses ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to compare the allelic constitution of individuals of Populus deltoides Marsh., P. nigra L., P. maximowiczii Henry, P. ×canadensis Moench, and F1 progeny of controlled crosses. Forty allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips were observed. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii were genetically distinct from each other. Each of these species had unique alleles at many loci, and one or two of these species also had some species-specific genes. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii could be distinguished by mutually exclusive or unique alleles at any of the four allozyme loci Aco-2, Lap-1, Lap-2, and Pgi-2. Additionally, allozymes of Pgm-1, 6-Pgd-2, 6-Pgd-4, and 6-Pgd-5 could be used as markers to distinguish P. deltoides from P. nigra and P. maximowiczii, allozymes of Mdh-2, Per-3, Pgm-2, and Pgm-3 to distinguish P. nigra from P. deltoïdes and P. maximowiczii, and allozymes of Got-1, Got-4, and Pgi-1 to distinguish P. maximowiczii from P. deltoides and P. nigra. The observed marker allozyme genes and alleles can be effectively used for discriminating among the three Populus species and their interspecific hybrids, and identification and verification of paternity of progeny of single-pair and interspecific pollen-mix controlled crosses. Biochemical and molecular markers have significance in genetics, breeding, and systematics of these Populus species. Key words: Populus, allozymes, diagnostic genes and alleles, species and hybrid differentiation, enzyme electrophoresis.

Allozyme Genotype and Differential Resistance to Mercury Pollution in the Caddisfly, Nectopsyche albida. II. Multilocus Genotypes

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Benton ◽  
Sheldon I. Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Differential Resistance ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Starch Gel

While a number of papers document that sensitivity to pollution is correlated with single-locus genotype, only one has addressed associations with multilocus complexes. We exposed larval caddisflies, Nectopsyche albida, to inorganic mercury and recorded individual times to death, genetically characterized each individual at six polymorphic loci by starch gel electrophoresis, and tested the effects of multilocus genotype on time to death. Two two-locus complexes and two three-locus complexes were significantly correlated with survival time. This supports earlier studies that monitoring multilocus and single-locus genotype frequencies may be useful in detecting and measuring environmental impacts; however, we disagree that variation in survival time among genotypes per se supports selectionist theory, because no heritability of resistance has been demonstrated. We also disagree that enzyme systems not exhibiting such variation are nonadaptive and discuss how the elimination of sensitive multilocus genotypes may hinder population persistence.

Isozyme variation in the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon within and among populations of its host grasses

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2600-2607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Leuchtmann ◽  
Keith Clay
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Isozyme Variation ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Atkinsonella Hypoxylon

Isozyme variation of 291 isolates of Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Clavicipitaceae, tribe Balansieae) from 24 populations of its four known host grasses (Danthonia compressa, Danthonia sericea, Danthonia spicata, and Stipa leucotricha) was examined using starch gel electrophoresis. In total, there were 20 distinct multilocus genotypes. Eleven out of 13 enzyme loci (84.6%) exhibited more than one allele (mean 2.8) per locus. Nei's total gene diversity (HT) within all isolates was 0.229. Between isolate samples from S. leucotricha and the three Danthonia hosts, Nei's genetic identity (I) ranged from 0.21 to 0.31 and among isolate samples from the three Danthonia species I ranged from 0.65 to 0.88, with isolates from D. spicata and D. compressa being most similar. Variation of A. hypoxylon occurred both within and among populations of D. spicata and D. compressa, where up to 53 isolates were sampled per host population. In contrast, all 20 isolates from S. leucotricha were identical, as were all 6 from D. sericea. A few isolates from D. spicata exhibited the same, unusual multilocus genotype with unique alleles at six different loci. The occurrence of several multilocus genotypes in isolates from the same ascostroma and the 1:1 segregation of genotypes among ascospores from a single ascus indicated gene exchange among sexually reproducing individuals, consistent with a heterothallic mating system for A. hypoxylon.

Genetic variation in populations of the endemic Achillea millefolium ssp. megacephala from the Athabasca sand dunes and the widespread ssp. lanulosa in western North America

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett G. Purdy ◽  
Randall J. Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Endemic Taxon ◽  
Starch Gel

As part of an analysis of genetic diversity in endemic taxa of the Athabasca sand dunes in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, genetic variation was examined by starch gel electrophoresis in six populations of the endemic Achillea millefolium ssp. megacephala, and 13 populations of the closely related widespread taxon, A. millefolium ssp. lanulosa. Endemic populations had more alleles per locus, a higher percentage of polymorphic loci, and greater genetic diversity than did populations of the widespread taxon. At polymorphic loci, total gene diversity was comparable in both taxa, although within-population gene diversity was higher in the endemic taxon. Population differentiation (GST) was considerably lower in ssp. megacephala than in ssp. lanulosa, although GST values were reduced when the parameter was calculated separately for geographic subdivisions of the widespread taxon. Our results differ from previous studies in which the endemic is typically depauperate of genetic variation relative to related widespread species. We suggest that obligate sexual reproduction and the absence of long-term asexual reproduction may be one of a number of factors that help populations of ssp. megacephala maintain higher levels of genetic variation on the Athabasca sand dunes. Keywords: genetic variation, endemic, rare species, Athabasca sand dunes, Achillea millefolium.

scholarly journals ALLOZYME INHERITANCE AND DIVERSITY IN SOUR CHERRY

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1081a-1081
Author(s):  
James Beaver ◽  
Amy Iezzoni
Keyword(s):  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Shikimate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Heterozygous Condition ◽  
Segregation Data ◽  
Disomic Inheritance ◽  
Leucine Amino Peptidase ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Starch gel electrophoresis was employed to study inheritance and diversity of allozyme loci in a sour cherry (2n=4×=32) germplasm collection. Segregation data was collected for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), leucine amino peptidase (LAP), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), peroxidase (PX) (cathodal activity), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-PGD), and shikimate dehydrogenase (s k d h).Data suggest that alleles can be assigned to many of the enzyme systems being studied: ADH, GPI, IDH, LAP, PGM, and 6-PGD. Most loci are diallelic and often exhibit the unbalanced heterozygous condition. MDH, PX, and 6-PGD are highly polymorphic. Progeny segregation data fit disomic inheritance models, indicating that sour cherry is an allotetraploid.

scholarly journals Segregation and Linkage Relationships of Allozymes in Pinus Brutia Ten

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Nuray Kaya ◽  
K. Isik
Keyword(s):  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Recombination Fraction ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Pinus Brutia ◽  
Segregation Ratios ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci ◽  
Linkage Relationships

Abstract Female gametophytes of Pinus brutia Ten. were analyzed to study Mendelian segregation and linkage among allozyme loci in a seed orchard composed of 28 clones. Isozyme variants of nine enzyme systems encoding 14 loci from megagametophytes were assayed by starch gel electrophoresis. While six of the 14 loci were monomorphic, the remaining eight were polymorphic. Analysis of observed segregation ratios of all polymorphic loci except for Sdh1, showed a good fit to the 1:1 ratios expected for Mendelian inheritance. Linkage relationships of the eight polymorphic allozyme loci were analyzed by testing 23 of the 28 possible two-locus combinations. Two-locus segregations in three pairs (Got2- Mdh1, Got2-Pgi2 and Pgd3-Sdh1) were significantly heterogeneous (P ≤ 0.05). Relatively weak linkage was observed between only one pair of genes (Adh2:Got2). Recombination fraction for Adh2:Got2 was found to be 0.24 (± 0.06).

Genetic differentiation among populations of Weidemeyer's admiral butterfly

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2294-2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa H. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

I assessed the genetic differentiation of populations of Weidemeyer's admiral butterfly (Limenitis weidemeyerii) in central and eastern Colorado by using starch-gel electrophoresis. Wright's F-statistics indicated that there was significant differentiation, both within and between years, among the same populations analyzed for 2 successive years, and among populations, even those in close geographic proximity. Consequently, no correlation was found between the genetic identities and geographic distances between pairs of populations. To explain the genetic structure of populations, I estimated patterns of movement and effective sizes of populations. I assessed movement of individuals by using mark–recapture techniques, which indicated that travel over the season for both sexes was negligible (range 0–2850 m, mean 166 m). I estimated effective population sizes by using Pollak's methods, and as would be expected for populations with territorial social systems, effective sizes were small (ranging from 17 to 131, mean 61). These two factors, small and isolated populations, suggest that a significant portion of the genetic differentiation observed at allozyme loci among populations of Weidemeyer's admiral butterfly in Colorado is mediated by random genetic drift.

Genetic variation in trembling aspen in Ontario based on isozyme studies

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1134-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung O. Hyun ◽  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Young Root ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
East West

Isoenzyme studies were conducted on root tips of 200 Populustremuloides clones selected from eight geographic regions (populations) along north–south and east–west transects in Ontario. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assay crude enzyme extracts from young root rips of rooted suckers obtained from the clones sampled. A total of 15 isozyme loci coding for eight different enzyme systems were resolved. The mean of total gene diversity was 0.252. An average of 79% of the loci were polymorphic in any one population, with an average of 2.7 alleles per locus. More than 90% of the genetic variability could be attributed to within-population differentiation. A deficiency of observed heterozygotes was calculated for all populations studied. The fixation index averaged 0.462. The genetic distance estimates among populations had an overall mean of 0.103. There was no correlation between genetic and geographic distances. Results of this study suggest this species in its Ontario range is genetically variable and moderately differentiated.

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