Effects of temperature, salt, and osmotic potential on early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum). I. Germination

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl R. Hampson ◽  
G. M. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Sulfate Salts ◽  
Time To Onset ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Kernels of spring wheat (cv. Katepwa) were germinated in Petri dishes at six osmotic potentials (−0.3 to −1.8 MPa) and eight temperatures (6–34 °C) in single-salt solutions of a variety of chloride and sulfate salts, and the time to onset of germination, germination rate index, and final percent germination were determined. Percent germination was maximal at 18–22 °C in the presence of osmotic stress, but was unaffected by temperature in its absence. At temperatures below 10 °C or above 30 °C and osmotic potentials below −0.3 MPa, germination was delayed, slowed down, and eventually inhibited. Temperature stress intensified the effects of osmotic stress on germination and vice versa. Main effects of temperature, osmotic potential, and salt type and all their interactions were highly significant (P < 0.01) for all variables.

scholarly journals Drought Stresses on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Maize and Sorghum

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana S. Queiroz ◽  
Carlos E. S. Oliveira ◽  
Fábio Steiner ◽  
Alan M. Zuffo ◽  
Tiago Zoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Effects Of Drought

Seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] were submitted to different osmotic potential levels induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with the objective of evaluating the effects of drought stress on seed germination and early seedling growth. Seeds were arranged in paper rolls and soaked in PEG solutions prepared with osmotic potentials 0.0 (control), -0.2, -0.4, and -0.8 MPa and kept into a seed germinator, at 25 &deg;C for 18 days. A completely randomized design in a 2 &times; 4 factorial scheme with four replications of 50 seeds each was used. The results showed that by increasing of the osmotic potential level, germinated seed number, germination rate index, root and shoot length, shoot and root dry matter, and seedling vigor index (SVI) decreased, while mean germination time (MGT) and root: shoot ratio (RSR) increased in both crops. Additionally, the maize was more susceptible than sorghum to drought stress, with germination response declining more rapidly with decreasing osmotic potential. Sorghum crop tolerates water stress of up to -0.2 MPa, without reducing germination of the seeds; however, the growth of shoots and roots are inhibited. Drought stress limits the process of seed germination and early growth of maize seedlings.

scholarly journals Requirements for Seed Germination of Mexican Redbud, Evergreen Sumac, and Mealy Sage

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy L. Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Quadratic Response Surface ◽  
Seed Scarification ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Seed scarification and stratification (moist-prechilling) requirements of Mexican redbud [Cercis canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopk.] and evergreen sumac (Rhus virens Gray) and the effects of temperature on final percent germination, maximum germination rate, and inflection time (time to maximum germination rate) for the above species plus seeds of mealy sage (Salvia farinacea Benth.) were investigated. Maximum predicted germination from a quadratic response surface was 95% after 62 minutes of concentrated sulfuric acid scarification plus 35 days of stratification for Mexican redbud, and 59% after 52 minutes of scarification plus 73 days of stratification for evergreen sumac. Mexican redbud germinated at 24 to 31C. Predicted optima for final percent germination, maximum germination rate, and inflection time were 100% at 28C, 30% germination per day at 31C, and 4 days at 29C, respectively. Evergreen sumac germinated at 21 to 31C. Final percent germination for this species declined with increasing temperature from a predicted maximum of 52% at 21C, whereas maximum germination rate increased with temperature to a predicted maximum of 69% germination per day at 31C. Inflection time was high at both extremes with a predicted minimum of 10 days at 25C. Mealy sage germinated at 21 to 34C. Predicted optima for final percent germination, maximum germination rate, and inflection time were 96% at 25C, 104% germination per day at 27C, and 3 days at 28C, respectively.

Germination ofSorghum almumSeeds and Longevity in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 796-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte V. Eberlein
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Sorghum-almum (Sorghum almumParod. # SORAL) is a weakly perennial, rhizomatous grass that in northern climates reproduces mainly by seeds. Environmental factors influencing seed germination and the longevity of buried seeds were studied in growth chamber and field experiments. Alternating temperatures of 20 C for 16 h and 30 C for 8 h were optimum for germination. Light was not critical to germination. Germination varied only slightly across a pH range from 5.0 to 8.8 but decreased sharply below pH 5. Osmotic potentials greater than −0.9 MPa reduced germination substantially, and no germination occurred at −1.5 MPa. Limited germination occurred at NaCl concentrations of 340 mM, and no germination occurred at 510 mM. Seeds that were either mechanically scarified or afterripened for 6 months had a higher percent germination and germination rate than untreated seeds. Sorghum-almum seedling emergence was 11% from seeding depths of 20 cm, but emergence was 67% or higher from seeding depths of 15 cm or less. In field studies, viability of seeds placed on the soil surface or buried 3 or 8 cm was 2% or less at 12 months and 0% at 18 months after burial. Viability of seeds buried 15 and 23 cm was 0.3 and 26%, respectively, at 24 months after burial. Thus, tillage that buried sorghum-almum seeds 20 cm or more could reduce emergence but would also prolong seed persistence. Shallow tillage should favor depletion of sorghum-almum seed reserves.

Influence of soil moisture regime on the respiration response of soils subjected to osmotic stress

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Sparling ◽  
AW West ◽  
J Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

The influence of the soil moisture regime on the tolerance of the soil micro-organisms to increased osmotic stress was examined by laboratory tests with a range of New Zealand soils. Soils from various climatic regions (moist, intermediate and dry) were amended with glucose-NaCl solutions, incubated for 0.5 h, and the respiration rate over the following 2 h was used as a measure of the response of the microbial biomass to the changed osmotic potential. Osmotic potentials were varied between -4 and -80 bar by altering the concentration of NaCl. Air-drying the soils at 25�C decreased the respiration response of the microbial biomass by 3-60% but had little effect on the tolerance of the surviving populations to decreased osmotic potentials. In general, the soils showed the same patterns: an osmotic potential of -23 bar decreased the respiration response by 28-45% (18-44% after air-drying) and a -80 bar potential decreased it by 64-86% (52-84% after air-drying). For the majority of soils, a consistent relationship was obtained between the respiration rate of the moist soils and the osmotic potential applied. A reasonable prediction of the respiration response after air-drying could be obtained from the respiration response of moist soils at -25 bar osmotic potential.

Effects of Light, Temperature and Osmotic Stress on Seed Germination of Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Zohar ◽  
Y Waisel ◽  
R Karschon
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Temperature Optimum ◽  
Dark Stress ◽  
Osmotic Potentials ◽  
Eucalyptus Occidentalis ◽  
Effect Of Light

Seed germination of E. occidentalis was examined under different combinations of light, temperature and osmotic potential. The effects of all three factors were found to be interrelated. Germination rates are directly related to the temperature of the environment between 15 and 30�C and to the osmotic potentials of the medium between -9.1 and 0 bars. The relative require- ment for light, i.e. the ratio of light germination to dark germination, increases with the rise in temperature. Light is a decisive factor in improving germination under osmotic stress; its effect is directly related to the intensity of stress. In media with an osmotic potential of -9.1 bars, the effect of light on germination is directly related to temperature. Optimum germination occurs at 30" under continuous light and under no osmotic styes. Very low germination is obtained under the same temperature in the absence of light and in a medium with an osmotic potential of -9.1 bars. Inhibition of germination caused by osmotic stress is 2-3 times as great as that caused by dark stress. Seed germination was found to vary according to an annual rhythm. Lower rates of germination were obtained in July and January, whereas maximum germination occurred from March to May.

Germination of mucilaginous seeds of Plantago albicans (Plantaginaceae): effects of temperature, light, pre-sowing treatments, osmotic stress and salinity

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Veiga-Barbosa ◽  
F. Pérez-García
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Perennial Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Mean Germination Time ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Alternating Temperature

Plantago albicans L. (Plantaginaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region. The germination requirements (under different controlled conditions of light and temperature, and after two pre-sowing treatments) and tolerance to osmotic stress (polyethylene glycol, PEG 6000) and salinity (NaCl) of P. albicans seeds were studied. Seeds were germinated under constant temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C) and alternating temperature regimes of 20/10°C and 25/15°C with a 16 h/8 h light/dark photoperiod. The outer layer of seeds become mucilaginous when wetted and the presence of mucilage on seeds significantly increased germination percentages at all temperatures tested. P. albicans seeds were non-dormant and temperature significantly affected germination percentages and germination rate (germination velocity expressed as mean germination time, MGT). The final germination percentages ranged from 34% to 89% for intact seeds (seeds with mucilage) and from 9% to 62% for demucilaged seeds, depending on the temperature. Temperatures of 25°C and 25/15°C gave the highest germination percentages. Light did not affect seed germination at both temperature regimes assayed (25°C and 25/15°C). Germination percentages of seeds soaked for 24 h in distilled water or in a gibberellic acid (GA3) solution were not significantly higher than that of untreated seeds. In general, both the final germination percentage and germination rate were reduced by increasing salinity and PEG concentration. Seeds germinated in up to 35% PEG and 300 mmol·L–1 NaCl. Recovery of germination for seeds when transferred to distilled water after being in PEG or salinity treatments for 15 days was quite high, suggesting that P. albicans seeds are tolerant to osmotic and salt stresses.

scholarly journals Osmotic Stress or Ionic Composition: Which Affects the Early Growth of Crop Species More?

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ludwiczak ◽  
Monika Osiak ◽  
Stefany Cárdenas-Pérez ◽  
Sandra Lubińska-Mielińska ◽  
Agnieszka Piernik
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Ionic Salt

Salinization is a key soil degradation process. An estimated 20% of total cultivated lands and 33% of irrigated agricultural lands worldwide are affected by high salinity. Much research has investigated the influence of salt (mainly NaCl) on plants, but very little is known about how this is related to natural salinity and osmotic stress. Therefore, our study was conducted to determine the osmotic and ionic salt stress responses of selected C3 and C4 cultivated plants. We focused on the early growth stages as those critical for plant development. We applied natural brine to simulate natural salinity and to compare its effect to NaCl solution. We assessed traits related to germination ability, seedlings and plantlet morphology, growth indexes, and biomass and water accumulation. Our results demonstrate that the effects of salinity on growth are strongest among plantlets. Salinity most affected water absorption in C3 plants (28% of total traits variation), but plant length in C4 plants (17–27%). Compensatory effect of ions from brine were suggested by the higher model plants’ growth success of ca 5–7% under brine compared to the NaCl condition. However, trait differences indicated that osmotic stress was the main stress factor affecting the studied plants.

​Antioxidant Responses of Ricebean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi] Seedling under Iso-osmotic Potential of Salinity and Drought Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kousik Atta ◽  
Jahnavi Sen ◽  
Pravachan Chettri ◽  
Anjan Kumar Pal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Nutrient Imbalance ◽  
Vigna Umbellata ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Background: Salinity and drought are the major abiotic stresses and both can cause osmotic imbalances. Drought stress directly results in osmotic stress whereas salinity problem firstly disrupts the water balance and eventually induces ion toxicity which results in cyto-toxicity, metabolic impairment, nutrient imbalance and finally poor crop growth and yield. The co-ordinated up-regulation or constitutive expression of antioxidative system in plants is the main defense in plant against these stresses and thus the present experiment was undertaken to study the antioxidant responses under drought and salinity stress at seedling stage in ricebean (Bidhan 1). Methods: For studying the effect of iso-osmotic potential of salinity and drought stress solutions of NaCl and PEG 6000 with -0.2 MPa (50mM NaCl and 10% PEG), -0.4 MPa (100 mM NaCl and 12% PEG) and -0.8 MPa (200mM NaCl and 18% PEG) osmotic potential were used. The experiment was done in the laboratory of Department Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, Nadia and West Bengal in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. Result: Under moderate to high intensity of osmotic stresses the leaf proline content decreased. The mild and medium stress treatments induced much higher activity of GPOX and APX in the leaf which then decreased somewhat as the intensity of stress increased. The experiment showed that drought stress was found to produce more drastic effects on seedling growth in ricebean as compared to the salinity stress at iso-osmotic potentials.

scholarly journals GENOTYPIC VARIATION ON THE ANTIOXIDATIVE RESPONSE OF COWPEACULTIVARS EXPOSED TO OSMOTIC STRESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 928-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDILENE DANIEL DE ARAÚJO ◽  
ALBERTO SOARES DE MELO ◽  
MARIA DO SOCORRO ROCHA ◽  
REBECA FERREIRA CARNEIRO ◽  
MAURISRAEL DE MOURA ROCHA
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Antioxidative Response ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

ABSTRACT The cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], also known as cowpea, is of fundamental socioeconomic importance to the northeast of Brazil, and has become one of the main sources of protein in the diet of the rural population. However, in this region, it has become necessary to identify genotypes that are better adapted to drought. In addition, research is needed regarding the action of substances that promote tolerance to stress factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative response of cowpea cultivars under osmotic stress conditions using potassium nitrate as an attenuator. Five osmotic potentials were tested in the substrate (0.0, −0.2, −0.4, −0.6, and −0.8 MPa), and three seed treatments (pre-soaking in distilled water, pre-soaking in potassium nitrate, and without pre-soaking) were tested in three cowpea cultivars (BRS Itaim, BRS Aracê, and BRS Potengi). The design was randomized with 45 treatments and four replications. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (P < 0.05), and in cases of significance, regression analysis was conducted to quantitate the factors. Our results indicate that an increase in proline content in cowpea plants may be seen as indicative of the intensity of water stress on germination and the initial stages of growth of the plant. The BRS Itaim cultivar best tolerates drought conditions with the application of potassium nitrate, given the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase.

scholarly journals Muskmelon seed germination and seedling development in response to seed priming

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warley Marcos Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Cucumis Melo L ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Important factors affecting seed priming have not been extensively reported in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) studies. The optimization of the seed priming technique becomes very important at the commercial scale. Little information has been reported on seedling development of muskmelon subsequent to seed priming. Seeds of muskmelon were primed in darkness at 25°C in different solutions and three osmotic potentials. Seeds were also primed with and without aeration during different periods. In relation to osmotic solutions, an osmotic potential around -1.30 MPa is most adequate for muskmelon priming. Salt solutions gave better germination rate but were deleterious for seed germination, especially at higher osmotic potentials. Aeration of the soaking salt solution gave faster germination at 17°C, and because of the early germination, these treatments probably presented a better seedling development. Deleterious effect on total seed germination was observed for long soaking periods with aeration. Fungal growth increased on seeds primed in aerated solutions. Seeds from priming treatments had a better germination rate and seedling development under 17 and 25°C.

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