Soilless culture of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae of cereals: effects of nutrient concentration and nitrogen source

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2282-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Soilless Culture ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots

The best productions of mycorrhizal roots from cereals in sand culture treated with four ratios of NO3 to NH4 in three concentrations of a balanced nutrient solution (Hewitt's) were (i) maize – Glomus mosseae: 30–50% colonization and 120–150 m of colonized root per plant from full-strength solution with 95–100% NO3-N; (ii) wheat – G. mosseae: 80–90% colonization from 0.1-strength solution and 40–50 m from 0.25-strength solution with 50–100% NO3-N; (iii) maize – Glomus fasciculatum: 70% and 120 m from 0.25-strength solution with 50% NO3-N; and (iv) wheat – G. fasciculatum: 25 – 30% and 10–15 m from 0.1-strength solution with 50 – 100% NH4-N. The highest nutrient strengths eliminated colonization in wheat or reduced numbers of vesicles and arbuscules. Vesicles were predominant at the lowest nutrient strengths. Ammonium reduced mycorrhizosphere pH, colonization, and sporocarp and ectocarpic spore production. Multiple regression showed best colonization with (i) maize – G. mosseae, pH > 7.4, and best vesicle and arbuscule development with root P < 0.1%; (ii) wheat – G. mosseae, pH 7.2–7.7, root P < 0.055%, and root N > 1.07%; (iii) maize – G. fasciculatum, pH 5.6–6.2, root P < 0.08%, and root N > 1.44%; and (iv) wheat – G. fasciculatum, pH 6.7–6.9. Maize – G. mosseae was grown by the nutrient film technique in 0.1-strength solution with NO3 and rock phosphate. Improving the production of the inoculum from hydroponic culture of cereals is discussed.

Vesicular–arbuscular endomycorrhizal inoculum production. I. Exploratory experiments with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in nutrient flow culture

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1523-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mosse ◽  
J. P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Nutrient Flow ◽  
Shallow Layer ◽  
Inoculum Production ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots

A system is described in which typical vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infections were produced in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in trays in which the roots were bathed in a shallow layer of recirculating nutrient solution (nutrient film technique, NFT). Infections were compared in solutions containing 1, 3, and 8 mg∙L−1 P, bonemeal, and rock phosphate. The infectivity of the NFT-grown mycorrhizal roots was tested using 1.2, 0.24, and 0.05 g of fresh root inoculum on maize and bean seedlings. The inoculum had good infectivity and even 0.05 g produced 5–10% infection in test seedlings after 6 weeks.

Protected Culture Systems for Strawberry Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 459d-459
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
Paul R. Adler ◽  
D. Michael Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Soilless Culture ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Plant Densities

Strawberry plants (cvs. Camarosa, Chandler, Sweet Charlie, Primetime, Jewel, and Tribute) were grown in soilless culture systems in a greenhouse from October to May. Fresh-dug and runner-tip Aplug® plants were transplanted into two systems: vertically stacked pots (24 plants/m2) containing perlite and horizontal nutrient film technique troughs (13 plants/m2). Plants were fertigated continuously with recirculating nutrient solution. In a 7-month production cycle, the plug plants bloomed earlier and produced more fruit during the first month of harvest (December) than the fresh-dug plants. Higher yields from plug plants were a result of more fruit numbers and not larger fruit size. Fruit production averaged 6.0 and 3.5 kg/m2 in the trough and pot systems, respectively. The vertical growing system allows greater plant densities, but light intensity reaching the plants in the lower sections of the tower can be less than 20% of levels measured at the top. Establishment costs of protected culture systems are higher, but production is earlier and labor costs are typically reduced. Greenhouse hydroponic culture systems could extend the winter strawberry production to more northern locations.

Influence de la variété de Vigna unguiculata dans l'expression de trois associations endomycorhiziennes à vésicules et arbuscules

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 354-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ollivier ◽  
Y. Bertheau ◽  
H. G. Diem ◽  
V. Gianinazzi-Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Va Mycorrhizas ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots

Vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas formed by Glomus E3, G. mosseae, and G. epigaeus have been studied in two cultivars of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. (58-185 and Bambey 30). Glomus mosseae and Glomus E3 stimulated the growth of both cultivars while G. epigaeus only gave a positive growth effect with the cultivar 58-185. With G. epigaeus, infection levels were lower and growth effects smaller than with the other VA fungi. Growth stimulations were accompanied by the appearance of additional soluble alkaline phosphatases in extracts of mycorrhizal roots. The number and the electrophoretic mobility of these enzymes varied depending on the VA fungus involved, suggesting that they were of fungal origin.

scholarly journals Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Colonization of Redwood and Incense Cedar Seedlings following Storage

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1362-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Afek ◽  
L.A. Lippet ◽  
D. Adams ◽  
J.A. Menge ◽  
E. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Coast Redwood ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum consisting of a mixture of roots of coast redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don)], soil, and spores of Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe was tested for viability and efficacy following storage for 4 or 8 weeks at 4, 9, 15, or 24C and moisture contents of 0%, 6%, 12%, or 17%. Storage regimes did not have any effect on the number of spores of Glomus mosseae recovered after storage. However, germinability of the spores decreased from 35% before storage to 10% to 31% during storage, especially under typical ambient room conditions (17% moisture at 24C). Maximum colonization of coast redwood, sierra redwood [Sequoiadendrom giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.], and incense cedar (Libocedrous decurrens Torr.) was achieved after inoculation with 1 inoculum: 1 potting mix dilution (w/w). However, plant fresh weight was highest following inoculation with a 1 inoculum: 5 potting mix dilution (w/w). Dried inoculum was effective when stored at 24C, or below 10C when moist.

Response ofBradyrhizobium-Inoculated Soyabean and Lablab Bean to Inoculation With Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Mahdi ◽  
I. M. A. Atabani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Field Inoculation ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen

SUMMARYPot and field investigations were conducted to study the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation and triple superphosphate fertilization on nodulation, dry matter yield and tissue nitrogen and phosphorus contents ofBradyrhizobium-inoculated soya-bean and lablab bean in the Sudan.Inoculation of both crops with the VAM fungusGlomus mosseaein clay and sandy soils in pots increased nodulation, dry matter yield and tissue nitrogen and phosphorus contents more than triple superphosphate fertilizer, but even greater responses were obtained fromG. mosseaecombined with fertilizer. Crop responses in the two soils were similar, despite the large differences in soil physico-chemical properties.In the field, inoculation of both crops with any of four VAM fungi enhanced nodulation, dry matter yield and plant nitrogen and phosphorus contents more than did triple superphosphate.Gigaspora margaritaandGlomus mosseaewere superior toGigaspora calosporaandAcaulosporaspecies and resulted in more extensive root infection, especially in soyabean.

Colonization of crop and pasture species with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a negative correlation with root infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Thompson ◽  
G. B. Wildermuth
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots

The roots of 37 crop and pasture species were assessed for vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in a vertisol containing spores of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mainly Glomus mosseae, and of the pathogenic fungus, Bipolaris sorokiniana. The level of mycorrhizal colonization of different hosts is an important aspect of managing crop sequences to reduce "long fallow disorder." All species except rapeseed in the Cruciferae and lupin in the Leguminosae were hosts, although perennial rye grass in the Gramineae had only very slight colonization. The percent root length colonized as assessed by the grid-intersect method ranged up to 60.5% for wheat in the winter series and up to 98.4% for mungbean in the summer series. Greatest weights of mycorrhizal roots were produced by phalaris grass, chickpea, safflower, cocksfoot, lucerne, and barley in the winter series and by lucerne, maize, canary seed, Sudan grass, grain sorghum, and buffel grass in the summer series. Although Gramineae as a group tends to have fine roots with a low percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, the total weight of mycorrhizal roots can be large, and they should be at least equal to legumes in effectiveness for breaking long fallow disorder. Percentages of mycorrhizal colonization determined by the grid-intersect and three slide methods were generally well correlated with one another, but all were less strongly correlated with weight of mycorrhizal roots for winter crops and were entirely uncorrelated with weight of mycorrhizal roots for summer crops. Significant inverse-regression relationships were obtained between infection of root segments (but not of stem bases) by B. sorokiniana and root colonization with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, indicating that vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi antagonise root infection by B. sorokiniana.

Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. II. Intracellular hyphae and vesicles

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1768-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell A. Kinden ◽  
Merton F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Abundant Cytoplasm ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots

Intracellular hyphae and vesicles in mycorrhizal roots of yellow poplar were examined by electron microscopy. An investing layer of host wall material and cytoplasm enclosed the endophyte within the cells. Young developing hyphae contained abundant cytoplasm and few vacuoles. As hyphae matured, they became highly vacuolated and accumulated carbohydrate (glycogen) and lipid reserves. Mature vesicles were engorged with lipid droplets, possessed a trilaminate wall, and were also enclosed by host wall material and cytoplasm. Compared with uninfected cells, infected cortical cells showed an increase in cytoplasmic volume, enlarged nuclei, and a reduction of starch reserves. Host nuclei were always proximal to the hyphae during hyphal development and deterioration. While other cytoplasmic components of infected and uninfected cells were comparable, large electron-dense bodies occurred in vacuoles of most cells containing hyphae. Deterioration of intracellular hyphae occurred throughout the samples examined. Septa separated functional and degenerating portions of the hyphae. Hyphal deterioration involved degeneration and ultimate disappearance of fungal cytoplasm as well as collapse of hyphal walls. Based on these observations, the authors hypothesize that deterioration of the endophyte may release significant quantities of mineral nutrients, via hyphal contents, which are absorbed by the host.

Vesicular–arbuscular endomycorrhizal inoculum production. II. Experiments with maize (Zea mays) and other hosts in nutrient flow culture

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1531-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Elmes ◽  
B. Mosse
Keyword(s):  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Nutrient Flow ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development

Experiments are described that led to a better understanding of nutrient requirements for mycorrhizal development in nutrient flow (NFT) culture. For maize infected with Glomus mosseae, solution P concentration around 0.5 mg L−1 was optimal, giving approximately 50% infection. With more P, infection quickly decreased, and it was also low with only 0.3 mg L−1 P. Critical solution P was thus much lower than for Phaseolus vulgaris infected with Glomus fasciculatum (E3). When rock phosphate was used as P source, solution pH was very important because of its effect on P solubility. Nitrogen source ([Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text]) was important for the same reason. Ca levels also affected mycorrhizal development, the optimum concentration for maize (above 15 mg L−1) being higher than that needed for beans. Maize also had a much higher Fe requirement. The relative merits of rock versus soluble P are discussed. Observations are also are reported on inoculation techniques for NFT and on mycorrhizal infection with other host–endophyte combinations.

scholarly journals Japanese Holly: A Host for Endomycorrhizal Fungi

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Robert L. Wick ◽  
Laurence D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

Landscape-grown Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. ‘Helleri’) were found to be colonized by various endomycorrhizal fungi. Synthesis of Japanese holly endomycorrhizae with Glomus mosseae (Nicholson and Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe, G. albidus Walker and Rhodes and other Glomus and Gigaspora spp. was accomplished under greenhouse conditions. The fungi inoculated to greenhouse-grown plants colonized roots exclusively intracellularly and produced vesicles and arbuscules typical of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae.

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