Differential response of 14 weed species to seven herbicides in two plant communities

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Tomkins ◽  
W. F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Fragaria Virginiana ◽  
Vicia Cracca ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The responses of 14 weed species to seven different herbicides were compared. The species included five monocots: Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., Agrostis alba L., Carex gracilescens Mack., Phleum pratense L., and Poa pratensis L.; and nine dicots: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Aster cordifolius L., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Oxalis europaea Jord., Pastinaca sativa L., Solidago canadensis L., S. nemoralis Ait., Taraxacum officinale Weber, and Vicia cracca L. A principal component analysis revealed that species responses to four auxin herbicides ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), picloram, picloram + 2,4-D, and 2,4-D + (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T)) were very similar, although picloram was more effective in eliminating Aster cordifolius, Fragaria virginiana, Solidago nemoralis, and Vicia cracca. Auxin response differed markedly between monocots and dicots, whereas life-form was important in determining the response of the species to paraquat, simazine, and diuron treatments. Response to herbicide treatment was similar in both pioneer and mature old-field communities. However, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis were susceptible to all auxin treatments in the pioneer community but were resistant to the same treatments in mature fields.

Flora and vegetation of an old field community at Erindale, southern Ontario

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Maycock ◽  
Malgorzata Guzikowa
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Solidago Altissima ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Vicia Cracca

A stable old field 5.4 ha in extent and undisturbed for at least 50 years is described qualitatively and in quantitative terms. Despite relative physiognomic uniformity, seven homogeneous areas were studied using presence and frequency and estimated cover in randomly distributed 1-m2 quadrats. Of the rich total flora of 118 species, 99 were found in the communities and only 61 had measurable cover. Agropyron repens, Vicia cracca, and Poa pratensis were major dominants followed by Solidago altissima, Phleum pratense, and Hieracium pratense. Although native (52%) outnumber introduced species (48%) in the field as a whole, in terms of cover, exotic plants may exceed indigenous species by at least 2:1 and perhaps as high as 4:1, depending on the designation of species of controversial origin. Solidago species seem to be the only native plants clearly capable of coping with the competition provided by exotics. Species respond to small differences in site moisture and to different stages of succession toward forest which appear to vary mainly with position in the field.

Effects of 2,4-D and Ioxynil on Seedling Fescue, Bluegrass, and Bentgrass

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Adamson ◽  
R. H. Turley
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Effects of the alkanolamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) and sodium salt of 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile (ioxynil) upon seedlings of Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaud.), Park bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and Highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) were evaluated in growth room and field studies. In the former, injury to Park bluegrass from both 1 and 3 lb/A applications of 2,4-D was severe with pronounced but less marked effects on fescue and bentgrass. Results were similar from applications shortly after emergence and after clipping the grass. Negligible injury was caused by 1 lb/A of ioxynil. In the field, ioxynil gave better weed control than 2,4-D when applied at a seedling height of 1 inch. No injury was caused by ioxynil. Although 2,4-D reduced yields from early clippings, there was marked recovery, even at 3 lb/A. No treatments significantly affected plant stand.

Control of Horsenettle (Solarium carolinense) Fleshy Roots in Pastures

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Michael Gorrell ◽  
S. Wayne Bingham ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Solanum Carolinense ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Annual Application

The effectiveness of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), and triclopyr [(3,5-6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid and mixtures of these herbicides with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] for the control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinenseL.) in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.) pastures was evaluated at three different field sites in Southwest Virginia over a period of 3 yr. Picloram applied at 0.6 and 1.1 kg/ha significantly reduced horsenettle roots, as indicated by a 98% reduction in shoots 1 yr after the first annual application. No shoots emerged within 18 months after three annual picloram applications. There was no significant difference between picloram applied alone and in a mixture with 1.1 kg/ha of 2,4-D. Three annual applications of triclopyr at 3.4 kg/ha reduced horsenettle shoots from 82% to 92%. The 3.4-kg/ha rate of triclopyr was slightly more effective in controlling horsenettle roots than was triclopyr at 1.7 kg/ha alone and in mixture with 1.1 kg/ha of 2,4-D. Dicamba at 0.6 and 1.1 kg/ha reduced the horsenettle shoots by 74% and 81%, respectively. The reduction was similar from mixtures of dicamba (0.1 and 0.3 kg/ha) with 2,4-D (0.4 and 0.8 kg/ha). There were no effects on the bluegrass forage that could be attributed to the herbicides.

Selectivity of Pyriclor on Witchweed, Tobacco, and Other Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Jim E. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Irish Potato ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Over The Top

Postemergence directed application of 0.56 kg/ha of 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol (pyriclor) gave control of witchweed (Striga lutea Lour.) equivalent to 2.24 kg/ha of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) without injuring corn (Zea mays L.). Pyriclor applied to the soil surface or incorporated did not significantly injure tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at rates of 2.24 kg/ha and less. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was not injured by pyriclor incorporated in soil at 0.56 kg/ha; Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was slightly injured. Treatment with 0.56 kg/ha of pyriclor applied in the same manner killed six crop species and four weed species also included in the experiment. In 2 years of field experiments, application of pyriclor at 0.21 and 0.63 kg/ha to soil before transplanting, or these rates applied over the top of tobacco after transplanting, controlled large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) until maturity of the tobacco, and did not significantly reduce yield or cause permanent injury to the crop.

Gains in Timothy Forage from Goldenrod Control with 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Peters ◽  
S. A. Lowance
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Postemergence applications of 0.5 and 1.0 lb/A of a potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) killed all or nearly all of the goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis Ait.) growing with timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Two lb/A of butoxy ethanol ester or dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and 1 and 2 lb/A of butoxy ethanol ester of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB) reduced yields of goldenrod 75 to 95%. Lower rates of herbicides were relatively unsatisfactory for controlling goldenrod. Timothy was not injured by the herbicides and yields increased 0.8 and 1.0 lb for each 1.0 lb of weeds that failed to grow.

Plant Regeneration from Excised Cotyledons of Mature Strawberry Achenes

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Raymond Miller ◽  
Craig K. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Multiple Shoot ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Cotyledon Explants ◽  
Multiple Shoot Buds ◽  
Rapid Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

A protocol was developed for excising and culturing cotyledon explants from mature achenes of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Cotyledon explants formed callus with multiple shoot buds on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog media containing several combinations of hormones (1 μm 2,4-D; 10 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA; 5 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA + 5 μm NAA; 5 μ m BA + 15 μ m NAA). After three subcultures, only tissues maintained on the medium containing 5 μm BA + 5 μm NAA continued to form shoots. Tissues transferred to other media eventually died (1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μ m BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA; 5 μ m BA + 1 μ m 2,4-D), became unorganized (1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 15 μm NAA), or formed roots (10 μm 2,4-D). Whole plantlets were produced by transferring callus with buds to medium lacking hormones. The rapid regeneration of clonal plantlets from cotyledon explants may be useful for reducing variability in future developmental studies. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

Cotton Resistance to 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Spray Drift 1

Crop Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil Regier ◽  
R. E. Dilbeck ◽  
D. J. Undersander ◽  
J. E. Quisenberry
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

scholarly journals Seed shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 1: broadleaf species

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Schwartz-Lazaro ◽  
Lovreet S. Shergill ◽  
Jeffrey A. Evans ◽  
Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan ◽  
Shawn C. Beam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Retention ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Broadleaf Species ◽  
Crop Maturity

Abstract Potential effectiveness of harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems depends upon seed shatter of the target weed species at crop maturity, enabling its collection and processing at crop harvest. However, seed retention likely is influenced by agroecological and environmental factors. In 2016 and 2017, we assessed seed shatter phenology in thirteen economically important broadleaf weed species in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from crop physiological maturity to four weeks after physiological maturity at multiple sites spread across fourteen states in the southern, northern, and mid-Atlantic U.S. Greater proportions of seeds were retained by weeds in southern latitudes and shatter rate increased at northern latitudes. Amaranthus species seed shatter was low (0 to 2%), whereas shatter varied widely in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) (2 to 90%) over the weeks following soybean physiological maturity. Overall, the broadleaf species studied shattered less than ten percent of their seeds by soybean harvest. Our results suggest that some of the broadleaf species with greater seed retention rates in the weeks following soybean physiological maturity may be good candidates for HWSC.

Enhancement of Herbicide Activity with an Isoparaffinic Oil Carrier

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Burr ◽  
G. F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Ipomoea Hederacea ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Several herbicides were tested in the greenhouse on ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.), and quackgrass (Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.) to determine the degree of enhancement in activity that could be obtained with an isoparaffinic oil carrier applied at 140 L/ha. The enhancement varied with the herbicide and with the species, ranging from 16-fold enhancement with 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) and 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) on ivyleaf morningglory to no enhancement of atrazine activity on purple nutsedge and quackgrass or (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) activity on quackgrass and ivyleaf morningglory. An oil adjuvant was less effective in enhancing dinoseb and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) activity than was the isoparaffinic oil carrier. Also, the isoparaffinic oil carrier emulsified in water was less effective than the undiluted oil in enhancing dinoseb activity on green foxtail, even though equal volumes of the isoparaffinic oil were applied.

scholarly journals Influence of growth regulators and explants on shoot regeneration in carnation

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Kanwar ◽  
S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Shoot Bud ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Number Of Shoots

The influence of growth regulators, explants and their interactions on in vitro shoot bud formation from callus was studied in <I>Dianthus caryophyllus</I> L. The leaf and internode explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of growth regulators. The highest callus induction was observed with 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg/l benzyl adenine (BA). Out of twenty seven shoot regeneration media tested, only 2 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ) and zeatin alone or in combination with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and/or indole acetic acid (IAA) could differentiate calli. The highest average number of shoots was observed with 2 mg/l TDZ and 1 mg/l IAA. Significant differences were observed in calli producing shoots and number of shoots per callus in the explants of leaf and internode. The shoots were elongated and multiplied on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and solidified with 1% agar. The shoots were rooted and hardened with 76% survival success in pots after six weeks of transfer to the pots.

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