Flora and vegetation of an old field community at Erindale, southern Ontario

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Maycock ◽  
Malgorzata Guzikowa
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Solidago Altissima ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Vicia Cracca

A stable old field 5.4 ha in extent and undisturbed for at least 50 years is described qualitatively and in quantitative terms. Despite relative physiognomic uniformity, seven homogeneous areas were studied using presence and frequency and estimated cover in randomly distributed 1-m2 quadrats. Of the rich total flora of 118 species, 99 were found in the communities and only 61 had measurable cover. Agropyron repens, Vicia cracca, and Poa pratensis were major dominants followed by Solidago altissima, Phleum pratense, and Hieracium pratense. Although native (52%) outnumber introduced species (48%) in the field as a whole, in terms of cover, exotic plants may exceed indigenous species by at least 2:1 and perhaps as high as 4:1, depending on the designation of species of controversial origin. Solidago species seem to be the only native plants clearly capable of coping with the competition provided by exotics. Species respond to small differences in site moisture and to different stages of succession toward forest which appear to vary mainly with position in the field.

Differential response of 14 weed species to seven herbicides in two plant communities

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Tomkins ◽  
W. F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Fragaria Virginiana ◽  
Vicia Cracca ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The responses of 14 weed species to seven different herbicides were compared. The species included five monocots: Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., Agrostis alba L., Carex gracilescens Mack., Phleum pratense L., and Poa pratensis L.; and nine dicots: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Aster cordifolius L., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Oxalis europaea Jord., Pastinaca sativa L., Solidago canadensis L., S. nemoralis Ait., Taraxacum officinale Weber, and Vicia cracca L. A principal component analysis revealed that species responses to four auxin herbicides ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), picloram, picloram + 2,4-D, and 2,4-D + (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T)) were very similar, although picloram was more effective in eliminating Aster cordifolius, Fragaria virginiana, Solidago nemoralis, and Vicia cracca. Auxin response differed markedly between monocots and dicots, whereas life-form was important in determining the response of the species to paraquat, simazine, and diuron treatments. Response to herbicide treatment was similar in both pioneer and mature old-field communities. However, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis were susceptible to all auxin treatments in the pioneer community but were resistant to the same treatments in mature fields.

WINTER CROWN ROT OR SNOW MOLD OF ALFALFA, CLOVERS, AND GRASSES IN ALBERTA: II. FIELD STUDIES ON HOST AND VARIETAL RESISTANCE AND OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO CONTROL

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Wide Range

Many overwintering cultivated and native plants proved susceptible to the low-temperature basidiomycete which causes winter crown rot or snow mold of forage legumes and grasses in Alberta. Tests were made by inoculation in the late fall, or by planting in infested land. In the legumes, high resistance was found only in Medicago falcata and a Siberian strain of Trifolium pratense. T. hybridum, Melilotus spp., and the commonly grown varieties of alfalfa were particularly susceptible. Bromus spp. and Agropyron spp. proved highly resistant. Resistance was moderate in Elymus spp., Poa pratensis, and Festuca elatior; and slight in F. rubra and Phleum pratense. Agrostis alba, winter wheat, and winter rye were highly susceptible. In tests on horticultural plants, rhubarb and chives appeared to be immune; raspberry, peony, and columbine were resistant; and strawberry, parsnip, iris, and tulip were highly susceptible. A wide range of native plants and weeds suffered severe damage, and only Thalictrum spp. proved highly resistant. Shrubs and trees were not attacked.Following severe damage, crop rotation proved to be essential for the control of winter crown rot. The pathogen did not persist in the soil to any extent for longer than two to three years in land which was summer-fallowed or planted to annual crops or resistant grasses. Brome and other resistant grasses proved helpful in maintaining forage stands. Fertilizer treatments did not reduce the damage. Uncut tops and debris favored spread of the disease in alfalfa stands.

scholarly journals Stationary substrates facilitate bioinvasion in Paranaguá Bay in southern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (spe3) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana M. Rocha ◽  
Leonardo C. Cangussu ◽  
Mariana P. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Fouling Communities ◽  
Paranaguá Bay ◽  
Non Indigenous Species ◽  
Stationary Plate

Artificial substrates in and near ports and marinas commonly have many non-indigenous species and are the first stepping stone for the establishment of bioinvasors. Substrate movement influences fouling communities and so understanding of how species assemblages are related to specific substrate conditions is crucial as a management tool. Here we describe the species assemblage of the community after six months of development on granite plates in Paranaguá Bay. Species richness was similar in the two treatments, with 12 species on floating (constant depth) plates and 15 on stationary (variable depth) plates. However, species composition differed, with the community on floating plates being dominated by the native bivalve Mytella charruana (66.1 ± 5.5% cover) and that on stationary plates dominated by the barnacles Fistulobalanus citerosum (49.8 ± 3.5% cover) and the introduced Amphibalanus reticulatus (33.9 ± 3.7% cover). Other introduced species were Garveia franciscana, on one stationary plate, and Megabalanus coccopoma also on one stationary plate and not very abundant on half of the floating plates (< 2%). Thus, stationary plates were more susceptible to introduced species that may become very abundant, suggesting that this type of substrate should be a priority in management for bioinvasion control. We also hypothesize that the native bivalve M. charruana is the dominant competitor for space on floating substrates, thereby reducing the invasiveness of that type of substrate.

scholarly journals The key roles of seed banks in plant biodiversity management in New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
W.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Plant Biodiversity ◽  
Biodiversity Management ◽  
Recent Initiative ◽  
New Zealand Flora ◽  
Pasture Plants

The New Zealand flora is a mixture of indigenous and introduced species. The indigenous species have a high intrinsic value while the introduced species include all of the crop and pasture plants upon which the export-led economy depends. New Zealand must maintain both of these important sources of biodiversity in balance. Seed banks are useful tools for biodiversity management. In New Zealand, a seed bank for indigenous species has been a very recent initiative. By contrast, seed banks for introduced species have been established for over 70 years. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. For the economic species, conserved genetic diversity is used to enhance productivity and the environment. Large advances can be gained from species that are not used as economic plants. The gene-pool of white clover has been expanded by the use of minor species conserved as seeds in the Margot Forde Germplasm Centre. Keywords: Seed banks, biodiversity conservation, New Zealand flora

scholarly journals Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes DEAK ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PACURAR ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Stable Manure

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

scholarly journals Sixty Years After the First Description: Genome Sequence and Biological Characterization of European Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus Infecting Cereal Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merike Sõmera ◽  
Anders Kvarnheden ◽  
Cécile Desbiez ◽  
Dag-Ragnar Blystad ◽  
Pille Sooväli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Transmission Factor ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Systemic Spread

High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to identify plant viruses in cereal samples surveyed from 2012 to 2017. Fifteen genome sequences of a tenuivirus infecting wheat, oats, and spelt in Estonia, Norway, and Sweden were identified and characterized by their distances to other tenuivirus sequences. Like most tenuiviruses, the genome of this tenuivirus contains four genomic segments. The isolates found from different countries shared at least 92% nucleotide sequence identity at the genome level. The planthopper Javesella pellucida was identified as a vector of the virus. Laboratory transmission tests using this vector indicated that wheat, oats, barley, rye, and triticale, but none of the tested pasture grass species (Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis), are susceptible. Taking into account the vector and host range data, the tenuivirus we have found most probably represents European wheat striate mosaic virus first identified about 60 years ago. Interestingly, whereas we were not able to infect any of the tested cereal species mechanically, Nicotiana benthamiana was infected via mechanical inoculation in laboratory conditions, displaying symptoms of yellow spots and vein clearing evolving into necrosis, eventually leading to plant death. Surprisingly, one of the virus genome segments (RNA2) encoding both a putative host systemic movement enhancer protein and a putative vector transmission factor was not detected in N. benthamiana after several passages even though systemic infection was observed, raising fundamental questions about the role of this segment in the systemic spread in several hosts.

Wind-mediated seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Chika Egawa ◽  
Atsushi Shoji ◽  
Hiroyuki Shibaike
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractAlthough introduced pasture grasses are essential for forage production in current livestock farming, some species cause serious impacts on native biodiversity when naturalized. Information on the seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from cultivated settings to surrounding environments can inform management efforts to prevent their naturalization. In this case study, we quantified the wind-mediated seed dispersal distance and amount of dispersed seed of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, northern Japan. In total, 200 funnel seed traps were installed around three regularly mown grasslands and one unmown grassland where various forage grass species were grown in mixture. Seeds of each species dispersed outside the grasslands were captured from May to October 2017. Based on the trapped distances of seeds, the 99th percentile dispersal distance from the grasslands was estimated for six species, including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). For two dominant species, P. pratense and D. glomerata, the numbers of seeds dispersed outside the field under mown and unmown conditions were determined under various plant cover situations. The estimated dispersal distances ranged from 2.3 m (P. pratense) to 31.5 m (P. pratensis), suggesting that areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands are exposed to the invasion risk of some forage grass species. For both P. pratense and D. glomerata, the number of seeds dispersed outside the unmown grassland exceeded 100 seeds m−2 under high plant cover situations, while the number of seeds dispersed from the mown grasslands at the same plant cover level was less than one-third of that number. The results suggest that local land managers focus their efforts on frequent mowing of grasslands and monitoring of the areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands to substantially reduce the naturalization of invasive forage grasses.

Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3458 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMUEL W. JAMES ◽  
GILDAS BRICE DIVINA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
New Records ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Maritime Province ◽  
Large Taxon

This is the first account of earthworms from the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas, a highly biodiverse coastal area ofequatorial Africa. We describe five new species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888: Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus)moussavoui sp. nov., D. (Diplothecodrilus) tchignoumbai sp. nov., D. (Diplothecodrilus) tobii sp. nov., D.(Diplothecodrilus) alonsoi sp. nov., and D. (Dichogaster) gambaensis sp. nov.; report several more taxa for which thematerial was not adequate to serve as the basis for new species descriptions, and present new records of several exoticspecies. Coastal Gamba is now known to have ten indigenous species and four introduced species, some of which areknown invasives. Characteristics shared by several Gamba Dichogaster conflict with characters used to define subgenera of Dichogaster, indicating that additional data are needed to resolve relationships within this large taxon.

Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Plant Invasion ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Invasion Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Abstract This book contains 23 chapters divided into seven parts. Part I reviews the key hypotheses in invasion ecology that invoke biotic interactions to explain aspects of plant invasion dynamics; and reviews models, theories and hypotheses on how invasion performance and impact of introduced species in recipient ecosystems can be conjectured according to biotic interactions between native and non-native species. Part II deals with positive and negative interactions in the soil. Part III discusses mutualistic interactions that promote plant invasions. Part IV describes antagonistic interactions that hinder plant invasions, while part V presents the consequences of plant invasions for biotic interactions among native species. In part VI, novel techniques and experimental approaches in the study of plant invasions are shown. In the last part, biotic interactions and the management of ecosystems invaded by non-native plants are discussed.

scholarly journals The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C<sub>6</sub>–C<sub>12</sub> benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C<sub>12</sub>–C<sub>25</sub> oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

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