METABOLIC CHANGES IN DETACHED WHEAT LEAVES FLOATED ON BENZIMIDAZOLE AND THE EFFECT OF THESE CHANGES ON RUST REACTION

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Samborski ◽  
F. R. Forsyth ◽  
Clayton Person
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Stem-rust-infected leaves of resistant (var. Khapli) and susceptible (var. Little Club) wheats were detached and floated on water and benzimidazole, with and without glucose. Khapli leaves were susceptible on water, resistant on 40 p.p.m. benzimidazole, susceptible on 40 p.p.m. benzimidazole with 1% glucose, and resistant on 60 p.p.m. benzimidazole with 1% glucose. Little Club leaves were susceptible in all treatments. Khapli leaves subjected to treatments that increase the endogenous substrate levels, such as floating on water for 2 to 4 days or spraying with DDT 2 or 3 days before detachment, were susceptible on 40 p.p.m. benzimidazole and resistant or partially resistant at higher concentrations.The progressive decrease in protein of detached leaves on water was interrupted on transfer to benzimidazole, after which some resynthesis of protein took place with a corresponding decrease in the soluble nitrogen fraction. Detached leaves on benzimidazole with 1% glucose had more soluble nitrogen than leaves on benzimidazole alone. There was more alcohol-soluble carbohydrate in leaves floated on water than in leaves on benzimidazole.

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS METHODS OF BREAKING RESISTANCE ON STEM RUST REACTION AND CONTENT OF SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE AND NITROGEN IN WHEAT LEAVES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Forsyth ◽  
D. J. Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Substrate Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Wheat Leaves

The resistance of Khapli wheat to a number of races of stem rust, Puccinia graminis (Pers.) f. sp. tritici (Erikss. and Henn.), was broken after treatment with maleic hydrazide, DDT, detaching the leaves, and "searing" (heat treatment at the base of the leaf). In addition, the reaction of several other varieties to a number of races of stem rust was altered from resistant to susceptible by detaching and searing.DDT and searing caused marked increases in carbohydrate and soluble nitrogen levels, while maleic hydrazide caused smaller increases. There were no differences in carbohydrate levels, and only a slight difference in soluble nitrogen, between plants kept at 65° and 75° F., the temperatures at which McMurachy is respectively resistant and susceptible to rust. Insoluble nitrogen decreased after searing and DDT at rates approximately equal to those of the control. Insoluble nitrogen decreased at a faster rate in leaves kept at 75° F. than at 65° F. It remained fairly constant in leaves treated with maleic hydrazide.The data support the concept that substrate availability is of major importance in rust development.

A Fungal Elicitor of the Resistance Response in Wheat

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 743-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Heinz Kogel ◽  
Birgit Heck ◽  
Gerd Kogel ◽  
Bruno Moerschbacher ◽  
Hans-Joachim Reisener
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Fungal Elicitor ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Abstract An elicitor of the lignification response in wheat leaves was isolated from the germ-tube walls of wheat stem rust. The active compound causes metabolic changes typically correlated with the resistance response, i.e. the formation of lignin or lignin-like polymers in affected epidermal and mesophyll cells and the increased activities of enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid-pathway.

EFFECT OF 3-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-1,1-DIMETHYLUREA ON DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, TRANSPIRATION, AND ROOT EXTENSION

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. Harold Minshall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Extension growth of the chlorophyll-containing roots of Hydrocharis morsusranae was inhibited by 0.5 p.p.m. of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron) whereas concentrations close to the water saturation point of 230 p.p.m. were required to inhibit extension growth of the non-chlorophyll-containing attached roots of Zea mays and Phleum pratense and the detached roots of Pisum sativum.A total of 15–20 μg of monuron per gram fresh leaf applied through the cut petiole of detached primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris inhibited the increase of dry matter by 90% and suppressed transpiration 40–50%. Internal concentrations of 1–2 μg/g of monuron produced simultaneous enhancement of dry matter increase and of transpiration but concentrations of 5–10 μg/g produced a suppression of dry matter increase concurrently with an enhancement of transpiration. Age of leaf and the time of year in which the plants were grown altered the critical internal concentration levels required to affect dry matter increase and transpiration.Analysis of detached leaves treated with 15–20 μg/g monuron indicated a marked suppression of the formation of non-water-soluble carbohydrate, a slight suppression of the formation of water-soluble nitrogen, but little or no effect on water-soluble carbohydrate or on non-water-soluble nitrogen.In detached leaves o-phenanthroline, 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea resembled monuron closely in symptom development and in their effect on dry matter production and transpiration. Iodoacetamide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 8-hydroxyquinoline each produced some effects similar to monuron but differed from it in certain respects; Thiourea, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, sodium fluoracetate, ethyl-NN-diphenylcarbamate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride were without noticeable effect.

scholarly journals Physiology of Pea Fruits I. the Developing Fruit

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
HS Mckee ◽  
RN Robertson ◽  
JB Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Respiration Rates

Pea fruits from two crops were sampled at different times from flowering. Changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, starch, soluble carbohydrate, protein nitrogen, and soluble nitrogen in both seeds and hulls were followed in two seasons and related Jo the changes in cell volume in the seeds. In one season respiration rates and phosphate, pectin, and ascorbic acid contents were also investigated. The seeds gained more carbohydrate and nitrogen than was lost by the hulls. Starch and protein were synthesized rapidly by the seeds. The increase in starch content in the seeds was followed by a decrease in soluble carbohydrate content, after which the seed ceased to accumulate water. These metabolic changes are discussed in the light of recent biochemical knowledge, and in relation to more detailed biochemical investigations in progress.

EFFECT OF BENZIMIDAZOLE ANALOGUES ON STEM RUST AND CHLOROPHYLL METABOLISM

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalton Wang ◽  
Madelaine S. H. Hao ◽  
E. R. Waygood
Keyword(s):  
Benzene Ring ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Imidazole Ring ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Structural Specificity ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Wheat Leaves

A study of the structural specificity of benzimidazole in relation to its effect on stem rust development and chlorophyll metabolism was made to obtain information which may contribute to our understanding of the nature of rust resistance as well as the physiology of detached leaves of Khapli wheat. Evidence suggests that benzimidazole will lose its activity if any member of the elements in its imidazole ring and probably also in its benzene ring is replaced by a different element, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur. Furthermore, compounds in which the methyl, nitro, or other group is introduced into the molecule of benzimidazole are either phytotoxic or antagonistically active to their parent compound.Analogues which were antagonistically active to benzimidazole displayed a similar effect on kinetin. There is strong evidence that benzimidazole and kinetin may play a similar role in maintaining the rust resistance and the normal physiology of detached wheat leaves.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: XIII. THE EFFECT OF STEM RUST ON PURINES IN WHEAT LEAVES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Shaw ◽  
B. I. Sahai Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Puccinia Graminis Tritici ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Host Parasite

The purines were precipitated from alcohol extracts of Little Club wheat with copper oxide or absorbed from perchloric acid extracts with Norit A. Guanine, adenine, and an unidentified purine were isolated from seedlings germinated in darkness and from the tops of young plants grown in the greenhouse. Adenine and the unidentified purine were present in much larger amounts than guanine. The concentrations of adenine and the unidentified purine in the first seedling leaves were increased approximately four- and five-fold by infection with Puccinia graminis tritici Erikss. and Henn. No evidence was obtained for the presence of any purine or purine-like substance in uninfected or infected leaves which would delay senescence in detached leaves as do kinetin, benzimidazole, and purine-like substances present in coconut endosperm.

METABOLISM OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN HEALTHY AND RUST-INFECTED PRIMARY LEAVES OF WHEAT: II. STUDIES WITH L-PHENYLALANINE-U-14C, L-TYROSINE-U-14C, AND FERULATE-U-14C

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2137-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fuchs ◽  
R. Rohringer ◽  
D. J. Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Resistant Reaction ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Wheat leaves infected with stem rust, especially those of susceptible plants, contained more phenylalanine and tyrosine than healthy leaves. The utilization of phenylalanine was increased in both the susceptible and resistant reaction, but the utilization of tyrosine was increased only in the susceptible reaction. No evidence of interconversion of these amino acids was obtained.In n-butanol extracts, which contained glycosides, many constituents were labelled after feeding of L-phenylalanine-U-14C. Most of the n-butanol extractives from resistant-reacting leaves contained more label than those from susceptible-reacting leaves or from healthy leaves. However, one of the n-butanol extractives from susceptible-reacting leaves was 5–10 times as active as that isolated from the other tissues.With L-phenylalanine-U-14C and ferulate-U-14C as precursors, more activity was recovered in insoluble than in soluble esters (of ferulate and p-coumarate). With L-tyrosine-U-14C as precursor, the reverse was observed. After infection, the proportion of label in insoluble esters increased more in resistant leaves than it did in susceptible leaves, regardless of the precursor used.A major portion of the activity from these precursors was recovered in the insoluble residue that contained protein and other polymers. In the experiment with L-phenylalanine-U-14C, this residue was fractionated into protein and non-hydrolyzable material. Susceptible-reacting leaves contained equal amounts of activity in these fractions, while resistant-reacting leaves incorporated 2.5 times as much activity into the non-hydrolyzable material as into protein.

Fraction I Protein in Wheat Leaves Infected with Stem Rust

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-123
Author(s):  
JOHN BENNETT ◽  
KENNETH J. SCOTT
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Fraction I Protein ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Fraction I

Formate metabolism and betaine formation in healthy and rust-infected wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Bowman ◽  
R. Rohringer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Betaine Lipids ◽  
Dark Metabolism ◽  
Synthesis Activity ◽  
C Metabolism ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Wheat Tissues ◽  
Formate Metabolism

Formate-14C was fed to detached primary leaves of wheat and the distribution of activity among various fractions was examined after 2 to 26 h of metabolism in the light or 4 h of metabolism in the dark.All samples contained activity in free neutral, acidic, and basic compounds. The radioactive metabolites in the basic fraction were examined in detail. Initially, in the light, glutamate, aspartate, serine, and an unknown, chromatographically similar to, but not identical with histidine, contained most of the activity. Activity in betaine increased with time until, at 26 h, it contained nearly half of the activity in this fraction. Following dark metabolism, most of the activity resided in glutamate and serine. Glycine was not radioactive, and most of the activity in serine resided in carbon 3, indicating that formate served as a precursor of C1-units that were used for serine synthesis. Activity was also detected in a number of other amino acids and choline, both in the light and dark.A comparison of formate-14C metabolism in the dark in stem rust resistant and susceptible wheat leaves revealed that betaine, lipids, nucleic acid bound adenine and guanine, and a protein-containing residue from rust-infected susceptible leaves contained much more activity than the corresponding components from healthy susceptible or from healthy or rust-infected resistant leaves.Activity from glycine-2-3H, methionine-14CH3, serine-3-14C, ethanolamine-1,2-14C, and choline-14CH3 was incorporated into betaine in the dark, but was not detected in sarcosine or dimethylglycine. These results support the view that betaine was synthesized from glycine via serine, ethanolamine, and choline with methionine as the methyl donor, and not by direct N-methylation of glycine.Betaine-14CH3 was translocated but not metabolized in healthy or rust-infected primary leaves of wheat, or in aerial portions of adult wheat plants. In these wheat tissues, betaine would thus appear to be a metabolic end product.

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