STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: II. BLACK RASPBERRY NECROSIS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Black Raspberries ◽  
Rubus Occidentalis

Raspberry indexing in British Columbia demonstrated that several varieties are carrying a latent virus that induces mild symptons in other red raspberry varieties and severe symptoms on black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis L.). The name black raspberry necrosis is proposed for the disease and virus. The virus is transmitted by the aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt. It may be acquired by the aphid after a half-hour feeding and transmitted with a two-minute transfer feeding. Most aphids lose their ability to transmit the virus within one and a half hours after leaving the source of inoculum.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: V. THIMBLEBERRY RING SPOT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Ring Spot

A ring spot mottling that occurs on the wild thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus Nutt.) in British Columbia was proved to be caused by a virus. The virus was transmitted to thimbleberry, black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.), red raspberry (R. strigosus Michx.), and R. henryi Hemsl. & Kuntse. Three species of aphids belonging to the genus Amphorophora transmitted the virus, but the large raspberry aphid (A. rubi Kalt.) was not a vector. The name "thimbleberry ring spot" is proposed for the virus and the disease.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. RUBUS YELLOW-NET

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North American ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Characteristic Symptom ◽  
Leaf Veins ◽  
American Black

A virus disease occurring on Himalaya blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.) was transmitted to Washington red raspberry (R. strigosus Michx.), tropical black raspberry (R. albescens Roxb.), and North American black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.). A net-like chlorosis of the tissue bordering the smaller leaf veins is the characteristic symptom, consequently the name "Rubus yellow-net" is proposed for the virus and disease. The virus is transmitted by the raspberry aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt. It may be acquired by the aphid after a one-hour feeding and usually persists in the vector less than four hours.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: III. SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF RASPBERRY MOSAIC

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Separation Of Components

It has been shown that the mosaic disease of red raspberry is the result of multiple infection by two separate viruses. Since these viruses, tubus yellow-net and black raspberry necrosis, have a common, vector, the aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt., and are both nonpersistent, they are usually transmitted together and the complex nature of the mosaic disease can best be demonstrated by synthesis.

scholarly journals Effect of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus, Raspberry leaf mottle virus, and Raspberry latent virus on Plant Growth and Fruit Crumbliness in ‘Meeker’ Red Raspberry

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Quito-Avila ◽  
Danielle Lightle ◽  
Robert R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus

Raspberry crumbly fruit in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), widespread in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and British Columbia, Canada, is most commonly caused by a virus infection. Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) has long been attributed as the causal agent of the disease. Recently, the identification of two additional viruses, Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV) and Raspberry latent virus (RpLV), in northern Washington and British Columbia, suggested the existence of a possible new virus complex responsible for the increased severity of the disease. Virus testing of crumbly fruited plants from five fields in northern Washington revealed the presence of RLMV and RpLV, in addition to RBDV. Plants with less severe crumbly fruit symptoms had a much lower incidence of RLMV or RpLV. Field trials using replicated plots of ‘Meeker’ plants containing single and mixed infections of RBDV, RLMV, or RpLV, along with a virus-free control, were developed to determine the role of RLMV and RpLV in crumbly fruit. Field evaluations during establishment and two fruiting years revealed that plants infected with the three viruses or the combinations RBDV+RLMV and RBDV+RpLV had the greatest reduction in cane growth, or fruit firmness and fruit weight, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the titer of RBDV was increased ~400-fold when it occurred in mixed infections with RLMV compared to RBDV in single infections. In addition, a virus survey revealed that RLMV and RpLV are present at high incidence in northern Washington; whereas the incidence in southern Washington and Oregon, where crumbly fruit is not as serious a problem, was considerably lower.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: VII. RASPBERRY VEIN CHLOROSIS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Virus Source ◽  
Characteristic Symptom

A virus disease occurring in the Lloyd George variety of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in British Columbia has been identified as raspberry vein chlorosis, a disease previously reported from Scotland. The virus was transmitted to the Lloyd George and Washington varieties of red raspberry, loganberry (R. loganobaccus Bailey), and the Alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) by the aphid Aphis idaei V.d.G. In each of these hosts, the characteristic symptom was a net-like chlorosis of the tissue bordering the smaller veins of the leaf. The large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.), was not a vector. Experiments using A. idaei showed that most individuals require more than 1 day on the virus source to become viruliferous. The length of time that aphids remained viruliferous depended upon the conditions of the test; viruliferous aphids feeding upon healthy raspberry plants lost the ability to transmit the virus within a day, while those feeding upon strawberry, or held in a Petri dish without food, retained the virus longer than 1 day.

scholarly journals Identification of Resistance to the Large Raspberry Aphid in Black Raspberry

2010 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dossett ◽  
Chad E. Finn
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Black Raspberries ◽  
Rubus Occidentalis ◽  
Amphorophora Agathonica

The large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora agathonica Hottes) is an important vector of viruses in Rubus L. across North America. Although breeding for aphid resistance has long been recognized as an important tool for protecting red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) from viral infection, this is the first report of resistance to A. agathonica in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.). Seedlings from 132 wild populations of black raspberries, representing the species' native range, were screened for resistance to A. agathonica. Strong resistance was found in three of these populations, one from Ontario (ORUS 3778), one from Maine (ORUS 3817), and one from Michigan (ORUS 4109). Resistance to the large raspberry aphid in ORUS 3778 and ORUS 3817 is dominant and appears to be conferred by different genes. We propose that the genes for resistance in ORUS 3778 and ORUS 3817 be designated Ag4 and Ag5, respectively. Resistance to A. agathonica in ORUS 4109 also appears to be controlled by a dominant allele at a single locus, but cannot be differentiated from Ag4 at this time.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: VIII. RASPBERRY LEAF CURL

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Indicator Plants ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

A virus disease that occurs on red raspberry in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia was identified as raspberry leaf curl. Under experimental conditions the virus was transmitted by the aphid Aphis idaci V. d.G. Test plants included red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.; black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis L.; wineberry, Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.; Rubus henryi Hemsl. & Kuntse; and the Alpine strawberry, Fragaria vesca L. The virus did not infect black raspberry and caused only transitory symptoms on Alpine strawberry. Root cuttings of red raspberry, leaf-bud cuttings of R. henryi, and seedlings of wineberry provided satisfactory indicator plants. Wineberry and R. henryi were more readily inoculated by aphids than red raspberry. Non-viruliferous aphids required a feed of at least 1 day on the virus source to acquire an infective charge. When viruliferous aphids were transferred to a series of healthy indicator plants, some plants became infected after a test access time of 20 minutes, although transmissions were increased if the time was increased to 1 hour. The virus was found to persist in viruliferous aphids for at least 11 days. Leaf curl virus was not eliminated from infected plants held at an air temperature of 37 °C for periods up to 4 weeks.

Chlorotic Spotting of Black Raspberry Induced by the Feeding of Amphorophora rubitoxica Knowlton

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 232-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Rubus Occidentalis

A chlorotic spotting of the foliage of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) is widespread in the coastal regions of British Columbia. The spotting first appears in June and new spots continue to develop during July and August. By mid-July, spotting occurs on virtually all plants, although its incidence varies considerably and, on some plants, only a few leaflets are affected.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: IV. TRANSMISSION OF RASPBERRY MOSAIC VIRUSES TO FRAGARIA VESCA L.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith ◽  
Frances C. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Two Component

By means of the leaf-grafting technique, attempts were made to transmit the two component viruses of raspberry mosaic, rubus yellow-net, and black raspberry necrosis, separately and in combination, to three strains of Fragaria vesca L. Only the rubus yellow-net virus was transmitted to the strawberry and it induced severe symptoms. Neither the raspberry aphid, Amphorophora rubi Kalt., nor the strawberry aphid, Pentatrichopus fragaefolii (Ckll.), transmitted the yellow-net virus from raspberry to strawberry, although A. rubi was able to transmit the virus from strawberry back to raspberry.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: IX. RINGSPOT DISEASE OF RED RASPBERRY

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus ◽  
First Time

A virus disease of red raspberry that has been known in Oregon and Washington for several years was observed for the first time in British Columbia in 1961. The disease is characterized by chlorotic blotches, ringspot, or oak leaf markings, or a net-like chlorosis along the smaller veins of the leaves on the young canes. The virus nature of the disease was demonstrated by mechanical transmission from raspberry leaves to herbaceous plants. From physical properties and symptoms on a range of herbaceous hosts and peach seedlings, the virus was considered to be related to tomato ringspot virus. This relationship was confirmed by comparative host reactions and cross protection studies with known strains of tomato ringspot virus.

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