STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: IV. TRANSMISSION OF RASPBERRY MOSAIC VIRUSES TO FRAGARIA VESCA L.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith ◽  
Frances C. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Two Component

By means of the leaf-grafting technique, attempts were made to transmit the two component viruses of raspberry mosaic, rubus yellow-net, and black raspberry necrosis, separately and in combination, to three strains of Fragaria vesca L. Only the rubus yellow-net virus was transmitted to the strawberry and it induced severe symptoms. Neither the raspberry aphid, Amphorophora rubi Kalt., nor the strawberry aphid, Pentatrichopus fragaefolii (Ckll.), transmitted the yellow-net virus from raspberry to strawberry, although A. rubi was able to transmit the virus from strawberry back to raspberry.

STUDIES OF VIRUS DISEASES OF STRAWBERRIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: II THE SEPARATION OF THE COMPONENT VIRUSES OF YELLOWS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances C. Mellor ◽  
Randal E. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Green House ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Leaf Distortion ◽  
Yellow Mottling

Progressive transfers of Capitophorus fragaefolii Ckll. from yellows-infected Marshall plants through a succession of Fragaria vesca L. plants resulted in the separation of at least two component viruses. One was of the nonpersistent type; it caused reduction in leaf size, mottle, crinkle, and leaf distortion, but the severity and dominance of these symptoms varied so widely that it is assumed that this component itself is a complex of viruses or strains. The other was of the persistent type; its principal effect was to reduce the vigor of the plant although there was some cupping of the leaves, and in the fall, under green-house conditions, a transitory yellow mottling of the tips and margins of some of the younger leaves.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: II. BLACK RASPBERRY NECROSIS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Black Raspberries ◽  
Rubus Occidentalis

Raspberry indexing in British Columbia demonstrated that several varieties are carrying a latent virus that induces mild symptons in other red raspberry varieties and severe symptoms on black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis L.). The name black raspberry necrosis is proposed for the disease and virus. The virus is transmitted by the aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt. It may be acquired by the aphid after a half-hour feeding and transmitted with a two-minute transfer feeding. Most aphids lose their ability to transmit the virus within one and a half hours after leaving the source of inoculum.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: V. THIMBLEBERRY RING SPOT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Ring Spot

A ring spot mottling that occurs on the wild thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus Nutt.) in British Columbia was proved to be caused by a virus. The virus was transmitted to thimbleberry, black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.), red raspberry (R. strigosus Michx.), and R. henryi Hemsl. & Kuntse. Three species of aphids belonging to the genus Amphorophora transmitted the virus, but the large raspberry aphid (A. rubi Kalt.) was not a vector. The name "thimbleberry ring spot" is proposed for the virus and the disease.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: VII. RASPBERRY VEIN CHLOROSIS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Virus Source ◽  
Characteristic Symptom

A virus disease occurring in the Lloyd George variety of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in British Columbia has been identified as raspberry vein chlorosis, a disease previously reported from Scotland. The virus was transmitted to the Lloyd George and Washington varieties of red raspberry, loganberry (R. loganobaccus Bailey), and the Alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) by the aphid Aphis idaei V.d.G. In each of these hosts, the characteristic symptom was a net-like chlorosis of the tissue bordering the smaller veins of the leaf. The large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.), was not a vector. Experiments using A. idaei showed that most individuals require more than 1 day on the virus source to become viruliferous. The length of time that aphids remained viruliferous depended upon the conditions of the test; viruliferous aphids feeding upon healthy raspberry plants lost the ability to transmit the virus within a day, while those feeding upon strawberry, or held in a Petri dish without food, retained the virus longer than 1 day.

STUDIES OF VIRUS DISEASES OF STRAWBERRIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. THE REACTION OF THE BRITISH SOVEREIGN VARIETY AND THE INDICATOR FRAGARIA VESCA TO YELLOWS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal E. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Frances C. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Experimental Inoculation

British Sovereign, the commercial strawberry variety of British Columbia, has shown no field evidence of degeneration from the virus disease, yellows, that is attacking the Marshall variety in the Pacific Northwest. However, experimental inoculation of British Sovereign by stolon grafting to a yellows-infected Marshall plant proved the British Sovereign to be susceptible to yellows. As with the Marshall, infected plants were reduced in size and the foliage tended to flatten towards the grounds but, unlike the Marshall, there was no pronounced yellowing. When Fragaria vesca was grafted to a yellows-infected Marshall plant the reaction was rapid and severe. The older leaves flattened to the ground, the young runner tips hooked back, the newly developing leaves, though relatively well proportioned, were minute and yellow at the margins, and the plants eventually died.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. RUBUS YELLOW-NET

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North American ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Characteristic Symptom ◽  
Leaf Veins ◽  
American Black

A virus disease occurring on Himalaya blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.) was transmitted to Washington red raspberry (R. strigosus Michx.), tropical black raspberry (R. albescens Roxb.), and North American black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.). A net-like chlorosis of the tissue bordering the smaller leaf veins is the characteristic symptom, consequently the name "Rubus yellow-net" is proposed for the virus and disease. The virus is transmitted by the raspberry aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt. It may be acquired by the aphid after a one-hour feeding and usually persists in the vector less than four hours.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: VI. VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO APHID INFESTATION IN RELATION TO VIRUS ACQUISITION

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Virus Vector ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Virus Acquisition ◽  
Varietal Susceptibility

Field populations of the large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.), were observed for 4 years on 13 varieties of raspberry. Lloyd George and St. Walfried were immune, Malling Enterprise and Malling Promise were resistant, and the remainder were susceptible to infestation. Each variety was naturally infected with black raspberry necrosis virus. Vector studies demonstrated that this virus was acquired with difficulty from the immune varieties and also from the susceptible variety St. Regis, but was readily acquired from the remaining 10 varieties.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: III. SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF RASPBERRY MOSAIC

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Separation Of Components

It has been shown that the mosaic disease of red raspberry is the result of multiple infection by two separate viruses. Since these viruses, tubus yellow-net and black raspberry necrosis, have a common, vector, the aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt., and are both nonpersistent, they are usually transmitted together and the complex nature of the mosaic disease can best be demonstrated by synthesis.

Black raspberry necrosis virus. [Distribution map].

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Black raspberry necrosis virus. Hosts: Rubus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Mainland Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, UK, Scotland), North America (Canada, British Columbia, USA, Michigan, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Wisconsin), Oceania (Australia, New Zealand).

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RED AND YELLOW COLOURS OF THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNED SPRING SALMON AROUND THE MEANS OF THE INDIVIDUAL DISTRIBUTIONS OCCURRING IN SMALL, ARBITRARILY CHOSEN TIME INTERVALS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18d (12) ◽  
pp. 410-422
Author(s):  
F. Charnley ◽  
Laura M. Harcus
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Two Component ◽  
The Individual

The distributions of the red and yellow colours of the cooked muscle tissue of British Columbia spring salmon (Oncorhynchus Tschawytscha) around the means of the individual distributions occurring in small, arbitrarily chosen time intervals are composite distributions each consisting of two component normal distributions, thus indicating that there are two, and only two, varieties of this species when the salmon are classified on the basis of these two quality characteristics. The proportions of the pale and red varieties are very nearly 1:3 so that when sampling fluctuations are taken into account the data are in complete agreement with the hypothesis that the true proportions are, respectively, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

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