Comparison of mycotoxin profiles among cereal samples from eastern Canada

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Campbell ◽  
Thin Meiw Choo ◽  
Bernard Vigier ◽  
Lynne Underhill
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Maximum Tolerance ◽  
Cereal Samples

The relative susceptibilities of major cereal species to mycotoxin contamination have rarely been studied in eastern Canada or elsewhere. The concentration of 13 mycotoxins in 673 corn (Zea mays L.), 99 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 116 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and 73 oat (Avena sativa L.) samples collected from eastern Canada from 1991 to 1998 crops were compared. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was found to be the most common mycotoxin in all four species. DON contamination was more frequent but less severe in corn than in wheat and barley, and it was least frequent and least severe in oats. Wheat and barley were equally susceptible to DON contamination. The DON content of 8.9% of the corn, 31.3% of the wheat, 22.4% of the barley, and 1.4% of the oat samples exceeded 1 mg·kg-1, the maximum tolerance level recommended for swine feed. Contamination with zearalenone, T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, nivalenol, fumonisins, 3-acetyl DON, or 15-acetyl DON was minor in eastern Canada and varied from species to species. Fusarenon X, 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol were not detected. Equally significant, approximately one third of the corn and barley samples were contaminated with two to seven mycotoxins. The presence of two or more mycotoxins could have additive or synergistic effects on the toxicity. Measures to reduce DON contamination are needed for corn, wheat, and barley.Key words: Fusarium, mycotoxins, corn, wheat, barley, oats.

scholarly journals Permanent Bed Width Has Little Effect on Crop Yield under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions across Central Mexico

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Abel Saldivia-Tejeda ◽  
Simon Fonteyne ◽  
Taiyu Guan ◽  
Nele Verhulst
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

In Mexico, conservation agriculture has been mainly implemented using permanent beds, where the top of the raised beds is not tilled, which allows them to obtain the benefits of conservation agriculture for yield and soil quality. However, narrow (0.75–0.80 m width) and wide (1.50–1.60 m width) beds are commonly implemented without scientific evidence available as to whether the width of the beds affects crop yields. The objective of our study was therefore to evaluate two types of permanent beds, in maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production, in various agro-ecological regions of Mexico. The study included nine sites, of which six were rainfed and three had irrigation. Bed width did not significantly affect crop yield. Therefore, farmers can choose the bed width that best meets their practical needs. Some practical considerations include mechanical weeding (more access in narrow beds), fuel use (lower for reshaping wide beds), irrigation water use (in wide beds similar to irrigating alternate furrows in narrow beds), and residue management (option to concentrate residue in windrows at center of wide beds). Soil texture can also affect this choice, because it affects water infiltration and retention.

scholarly journals Degradabilidad y estimación del consumo de forrajes y concentrados en alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Alfonso Cordero F. ◽  
José Contreras P. ◽  
James Curasma C. ◽  
Miguel Tunque Q. ◽  
Daniel Enríquez Q.
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Vicugna Pacos

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los parámetros cinéticos de la degradación in situ de la materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y la estimación del consumo mediante ecuaciones de predicción de MS de forrajes y alimentos concentrados en alpacas Huacaya (Vicugna pacos). Se trabajó con ensilado de maíz chala (Zea mays L) sin y con 1% de urea, cebada (Hordeum vulgare L), avena (Avena sativa L), salvado de trigo (Triticum aestivum L) y raspa de papa (Solanum tuberosum). Los alimentos (5 g en base seca) fueron colocados en sacos de nylon e incubados en el primer compartimento estomacal de dos alpacas fistuladas durante 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 76 horas. Se analizó la MS y la PC de los residuos de los sacos. La MS y la PC del salvado de trigo y de la raspa de papa presentaron potenciales de degradación elevados, así como la MS y la PC de la avena. Se destaca la mayor fracción no degradable de la PC del maíz chala sin y con urea y, por tanto, una menor degradabilidad de la PC. Las estimaciones del consumo por las alpacas generadas por las ecuaciones de tres estudios no son adecuadas a los alimentos en estudio.

scholarly journals Influence of Aaptamine Alkaloids on the Growth of Seedling Roots of Agricultural Plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200
Author(s):  
Natalia K. Utkina ◽  
Elena L. Chaikina ◽  
Mikhail M. Anisimov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

The effect of spongean alkaloids aaptamine (1), isoaaptamine (2), 9-demethylaaptamine (3), aaptanone (4), N-demethylaaptanone (5), and semisynthetic 4- N-methylaaptanone (6) was studied on the growth of seedlings roots of soy { Glycine max (L.) Merr.}, maize ( Zea mays L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). It was shown that a stimulatory effect depends on the chemical structure of the compounds and species of crop plants. The structural motif of aaptamines 1–3 is essential for a stimulating activity on the growth of seedling roots of soy, maize, and wheat. The oxygenated 1,6-naphthyridine core of aaptanones 5 and 6 is important for their growth stimulating activity on barley roots.

Mycotoxins in barley and oat samples from eastern Canada

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Campbell ◽  
T. M. Choo ◽  
B. Vigier ◽  
L. Underhill
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Canadian Food Inspection Agency

In Eastern Canada Fusarium species infect barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) more frequently than wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), yet information on mycotoxin contamination in barley and oats is lacking. Such information is essential to determine the need for control of fusarium head blight in barley and oats. Therefore, data were retrieved from the Mycotoxin Databank of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to study mycotoxin contamination in Eastern Canada's barley and oats. Of the 116 barley samples collected from 1991 to 1998 crops, 84 (72%) were contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Some samples contained up to 8–9 mg kg−1 of DON. DON contamination was particularly severe in recent years (1996, 1997, and 1998). DON contamination was less frequent and less severe in oats in comparison with barley. Only 34 of the 73 oat samples (47%) contained DON. Thirty-four percent of the barley samples (18/53) and 15% of the oat samples (4/26) contained nivalenol. Zearalenone, ochratoxin A, 3-acetyl DON, 15- acetyl DON, and T-2 were also detected at a low frequency; but HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), fusarenon X, 15-acetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol were not detected in these samples. The results suggest that breeding barley for resistance to DON accumulation is warranted in Eastern Canada. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, oat, Avena sativa, mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol

scholarly journals THE ZINC FERTILITY OF SASKATCHEWAN SOILS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. SINGH ◽  
J. W. B. STEWART ◽  
R. E. KARAMANOS
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Extractable Zn

Current criteria for predicting zinc (Zn) deficiency in Saskatchewan soils are based on DTPA-extractable Zn values. DTPA-extractable Zn levels in 12% of 1200 samples taken across Saskatchewan contained less than 0.5 mg Zn kg−1 soil and would be classified as potentially Zn deficient. However, 23 field trials in 1982, 1983 and 1984 with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), lentils (Lens esculenta Moench.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) produced only one significant response to Zn fertilization. No yield benefits due to either annual or residual application of Zn fertilizer were obtained even on high lime soils or those containing DTPA-extractable Zn levels below 0.5 mg kg−1 soil. Hence, current soil criteria to identify Zn deficiencies under the prevailing cropping systems must be revised to reflect these findings. Key words: DTPA-extractable Zn, crop response, critical level

An appraisal of cereal crop phenology modelling

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Shaykewich
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Phenology ◽  
Climatological Station ◽  
Phenological Modelling

A review of responses of phenological development of cereal crops, primarily corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), to environmental conditions was conducted. Examples of how these studies have been used to model phenological development on the basis of weather data were given.It was concluded that the development rate of most species is a sigmoidal rather than a linear function of temperature. Consequently, phenological models assuming a linear relationship (e.g., degree–days) are inappropriate. Another consequence of the way plants respond to temperature is that the most precise phenological models will require use of temperature data over relatively short periods (e.g., 3 h), rather than just a daily mean temperature. Several suggestions regarding the ways standard climatological station data may be used in such phenological modelling are made.Phenological response to photoperiod was also reviewed, and methods of modelling this response were proposed. Key words: Phenology, temperature, photoperiod, modelling

scholarly journals Alkaloids from Marine Sponges as Stimulators of Initial Stages of Development of Agricultural Plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail M. Anisimov ◽  
Elena L. Chaikina ◽  
Natalia K Utkina
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Damirone A (1), damirone B (2), makaluvamine G (3), debromohymenialdisine (4), and dibromoagelaspongin (5) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), corn (Zea mays L.), soy {Glycine max (L.) Merr.}, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the alkaloids and on the plant species. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 are efficient for growth of seedling roots of barley, compounds 2-5, at different concentrations, stimulate growth of buckwheat roots, and compound 5 stimulates growth of wheat roots. These compounds can be recommended for field study as plant growth stimulators.

scholarly journals Resistance of winter cereals to various winter stress factors - inter- and intraspecific variation and the role of cold acclimation

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Maarit Hömmö
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Snow Mould

This work was undertaken to study the inter and intraspecies variation in winterhardiness of overwintering cereal species and to find out the reasons for this variation. The studied 24 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 13 rye (Secale cereale L.), 5 triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and 11 barley (Hordeum vulgäre L.) cultivars differed highly significantly from each other in winter survival ability determined in field trials during 1989-1992 at six locations in Finland and at altogether 17 locations in all the Nordic countries. The Field Survival Indexes of cultivars were determined, too. Rye was the most winter hardy species followed by winter wheat, triticale and barley. Since field trials often fail to screen the resistance of plants to specific winter stress factors, such as frost or snow mould, laboratory tests were used to study these factors. On the basis of the results it could be concluded that, during cold acclimation, sugars and proline are accumulated, and the fatty acid composition of the plasma membrane lipid fractions is changed. Cold acclimation enhances frost resistance and general winterhardiness of overwintering cereals, but part of the snow mould (Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & Hallet) resistance may be induced without low temperature treatment. Thus, different resistance mechanisms may be controlling frost and snow mould resistance. The results of this study suggest that general winterhardiness of overwintering species could be enhanced by screening separately resistance mechanisms of plants to various specific winter stress factors and combining these into new cultivars.

scholarly journals LOS ARABINOXILANOS FERULADOS DE CEREALES. UNA REVISIÓN DE SUS CARACTERÍSTICAS FISICOQUÍMICAS Y CAPACIDAD GELIFICANTE

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Morales-Ortega ◽  
Guillermo Niño-Medina ◽  
Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán ◽  
Alfonso Gardea-Béjar ◽  
Patricia Torres-Chávez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Los arabinoxilanos ferulados son los principales polisacáridos no amiláceos de los granos de cereales, que se localizan en las paredes celulares del endospermo, en la capa aleurona y en el pericarpio de los mismos. Estos polisacáridos se han reportado en los cereales más importantes, como trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), centeno (Secale cereale L. M. Bieb.), cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.), avena (A. sativa), arroz (Oryza sativa L.), sorgo (Sorghum vulgare), maíz (Zea mays L.) y mijo (Panicum miliaceum L.). Recientemente se han realizado esfuerzos enfocados a la extracción de arabinoxilanos ferulados a partir de subproductos de la industria procesadora de cereales, como de los pericarpios de maíz y de trigo, así como del “nejayote” que es el agua residual de la nixtamalización del maíz. Los arabinoxilanos ferulados forman soluciones viscosas y pueden formar geles bajo la acción de ciertos agentes oxidantes. Además, presentan características físico-químicas determinantes para su capacidad gelificante. Los geles de arabinoxilanos han despertado un gran interés debido a que presentan características interesantes como: olor y sabor neutro; estabilidad al pH, a los cambios de temperatura y de concentración de electrolitos; así como una estructura macroporosa. Estas características les confieren aplicación potencial como matrices para la liberación controlada de biomoléculas en aplicaciones alimentarias y no alimentarias, lo cual podría dar valor agregado a los cereales o subproductos de cereales de los cuales pueden ser extraídos estos polisacáridos. Esta revisión incluye los reportes más recientes sobre las características fisicoquímicas y la capacidad gelificante de arabinoxilanos ferulados, tema sobre el cual ha resurgido el interés en los últimos diez años. La generación de nuevo conocimiento sobre este polisacárido y sus geles podría sentar las bases para su aplicación en distintas áreas como la agroalimentaria, la biomédica y la cosmética, entre otras.

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