An appraisal of cereal crop phenology modelling

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Shaykewich
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Phenology ◽  
Climatological Station ◽  
Phenological Modelling

A review of responses of phenological development of cereal crops, primarily corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), to environmental conditions was conducted. Examples of how these studies have been used to model phenological development on the basis of weather data were given.It was concluded that the development rate of most species is a sigmoidal rather than a linear function of temperature. Consequently, phenological models assuming a linear relationship (e.g., degree–days) are inappropriate. Another consequence of the way plants respond to temperature is that the most precise phenological models will require use of temperature data over relatively short periods (e.g., 3 h), rather than just a daily mean temperature. Several suggestions regarding the ways standard climatological station data may be used in such phenological modelling are made.Phenological response to photoperiod was also reviewed, and methods of modelling this response were proposed. Key words: Phenology, temperature, photoperiod, modelling

GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION OF YIELD IN CEREAL CROPS IN NORTHWESTERN CANADA

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. De PAUW ◽  
D. G. FARIS ◽  
C. J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ge Interaction ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Frost Free Period ◽  
Main Effects

Three cultivars of each crop, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), were grown for 4 yr at five locations north of the 55th parallel in northwestern Canada. There were highly significant differences among all main effects and interactions. Galt barley produced the highest seed yield followed by Centennial barley, Random oats and Harmon oats. Victory oats, Olli barley, Neepawa wheat and Pitic 62 wheat yielded similarly to each other while Thatcher wheat was significantly lower yielding. Mean environment yields ranged from 2080 to 5610 kg/ha. The genotype-environment (GE) interaction of species and cultivars was sufficiently complicated that it could not be characterized by one or two statistics (e.g., stability variances or regression coefficients). However, variability in frost-free period among years and locations contributed to the GE interaction because, for example, some cultivars yielded well (e.g., Pitic 62) only in those year-location environments with a relatively long frost-free period while other early maturing cultivars (e.g., Olli) performed well even in a short frost-free period environment.

scholarly journals Developmental sequences for simulating crop phenology for water-limiting conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. McMaster ◽  
W. W. Wilhelm ◽  
A. B. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Phenology

The timing, duration, and pace of developmental events, or phenology, are among the many responses of plants to limited soil water. Understanding and predicting plant responses to availability of soil water are important in improving the efficacy of management practices. However, the first steps towards gaining this understanding, summarising the complete developmental sequence of the shoot apex and correlating the timing of these events, have rarely been reported. Also, the effect of water-limiting conditions on crop phenology and shoot apex development is variable. The objective of this paper is to present the developmental sequence of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) shoot apices and correlate events in these sequences with growth stages for both well-watered and water-limiting conditions. We note that phenological responses to water availability occur at 3 different scales: among crops, among cultivars of a crop, and among growth stages within a cultivar or crop. Clearly, genotype × environment interaction affects the accuracy of predicting phenology. However, the fact that plants develop in an orderly, predictable pattern allows a general foundation for synthesising the complete sequence of developmental events of the shoot apex and correlate these with growth stages when water is not limiting. These patterns and relationships are the foundation to build upon in quantifying our understanding of crop phenology under water-limiting environments.

scholarly journals Permanent Bed Width Has Little Effect on Crop Yield under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions across Central Mexico

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Abel Saldivia-Tejeda ◽  
Simon Fonteyne ◽  
Taiyu Guan ◽  
Nele Verhulst
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

In Mexico, conservation agriculture has been mainly implemented using permanent beds, where the top of the raised beds is not tilled, which allows them to obtain the benefits of conservation agriculture for yield and soil quality. However, narrow (0.75–0.80 m width) and wide (1.50–1.60 m width) beds are commonly implemented without scientific evidence available as to whether the width of the beds affects crop yields. The objective of our study was therefore to evaluate two types of permanent beds, in maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production, in various agro-ecological regions of Mexico. The study included nine sites, of which six were rainfed and three had irrigation. Bed width did not significantly affect crop yield. Therefore, farmers can choose the bed width that best meets their practical needs. Some practical considerations include mechanical weeding (more access in narrow beds), fuel use (lower for reshaping wide beds), irrigation water use (in wide beds similar to irrigating alternate furrows in narrow beds), and residue management (option to concentrate residue in windrows at center of wide beds). Soil texture can also affect this choice, because it affects water infiltration and retention.

scholarly journals Degradabilidad y estimación del consumo de forrajes y concentrados en alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Alfonso Cordero F. ◽  
José Contreras P. ◽  
James Curasma C. ◽  
Miguel Tunque Q. ◽  
Daniel Enríquez Q.
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Vicugna Pacos

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los parámetros cinéticos de la degradación in situ de la materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y la estimación del consumo mediante ecuaciones de predicción de MS de forrajes y alimentos concentrados en alpacas Huacaya (Vicugna pacos). Se trabajó con ensilado de maíz chala (Zea mays L) sin y con 1% de urea, cebada (Hordeum vulgare L), avena (Avena sativa L), salvado de trigo (Triticum aestivum L) y raspa de papa (Solanum tuberosum). Los alimentos (5 g en base seca) fueron colocados en sacos de nylon e incubados en el primer compartimento estomacal de dos alpacas fistuladas durante 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 76 horas. Se analizó la MS y la PC de los residuos de los sacos. La MS y la PC del salvado de trigo y de la raspa de papa presentaron potenciales de degradación elevados, así como la MS y la PC de la avena. Se destaca la mayor fracción no degradable de la PC del maíz chala sin y con urea y, por tanto, una menor degradabilidad de la PC. Las estimaciones del consumo por las alpacas generadas por las ecuaciones de tres estudios no son adecuadas a los alimentos en estudio.

scholarly journals Influence of Aaptamine Alkaloids on the Growth of Seedling Roots of Agricultural Plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200
Author(s):  
Natalia K. Utkina ◽  
Elena L. Chaikina ◽  
Mikhail M. Anisimov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

The effect of spongean alkaloids aaptamine (1), isoaaptamine (2), 9-demethylaaptamine (3), aaptanone (4), N-demethylaaptanone (5), and semisynthetic 4- N-methylaaptanone (6) was studied on the growth of seedlings roots of soy { Glycine max (L.) Merr.}, maize ( Zea mays L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). It was shown that a stimulatory effect depends on the chemical structure of the compounds and species of crop plants. The structural motif of aaptamines 1–3 is essential for a stimulating activity on the growth of seedling roots of soy, maize, and wheat. The oxygenated 1,6-naphthyridine core of aaptanones 5 and 6 is important for their growth stimulating activity on barley roots.

scholarly journals THE ZINC FERTILITY OF SASKATCHEWAN SOILS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. SINGH ◽  
J. W. B. STEWART ◽  
R. E. KARAMANOS
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Extractable Zn

Current criteria for predicting zinc (Zn) deficiency in Saskatchewan soils are based on DTPA-extractable Zn values. DTPA-extractable Zn levels in 12% of 1200 samples taken across Saskatchewan contained less than 0.5 mg Zn kg−1 soil and would be classified as potentially Zn deficient. However, 23 field trials in 1982, 1983 and 1984 with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), lentils (Lens esculenta Moench.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) produced only one significant response to Zn fertilization. No yield benefits due to either annual or residual application of Zn fertilizer were obtained even on high lime soils or those containing DTPA-extractable Zn levels below 0.5 mg kg−1 soil. Hence, current soil criteria to identify Zn deficiencies under the prevailing cropping systems must be revised to reflect these findings. Key words: DTPA-extractable Zn, crop response, critical level

scholarly journals Alkaloids from Marine Sponges as Stimulators of Initial Stages of Development of Agricultural Plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail M. Anisimov ◽  
Elena L. Chaikina ◽  
Natalia K Utkina
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Damirone A (1), damirone B (2), makaluvamine G (3), debromohymenialdisine (4), and dibromoagelaspongin (5) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), corn (Zea mays L.), soy {Glycine max (L.) Merr.}, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the alkaloids and on the plant species. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 are efficient for growth of seedling roots of barley, compounds 2-5, at different concentrations, stimulate growth of buckwheat roots, and compound 5 stimulates growth of wheat roots. These compounds can be recommended for field study as plant growth stimulators.

scholarly journals LOS ARABINOXILANOS FERULADOS DE CEREALES. UNA REVISIÓN DE SUS CARACTERÍSTICAS FISICOQUÍMICAS Y CAPACIDAD GELIFICANTE

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Morales-Ortega ◽  
Guillermo Niño-Medina ◽  
Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán ◽  
Alfonso Gardea-Béjar ◽  
Patricia Torres-Chávez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Los arabinoxilanos ferulados son los principales polisacáridos no amiláceos de los granos de cereales, que se localizan en las paredes celulares del endospermo, en la capa aleurona y en el pericarpio de los mismos. Estos polisacáridos se han reportado en los cereales más importantes, como trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), centeno (Secale cereale L. M. Bieb.), cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.), avena (A. sativa), arroz (Oryza sativa L.), sorgo (Sorghum vulgare), maíz (Zea mays L.) y mijo (Panicum miliaceum L.). Recientemente se han realizado esfuerzos enfocados a la extracción de arabinoxilanos ferulados a partir de subproductos de la industria procesadora de cereales, como de los pericarpios de maíz y de trigo, así como del “nejayote” que es el agua residual de la nixtamalización del maíz. Los arabinoxilanos ferulados forman soluciones viscosas y pueden formar geles bajo la acción de ciertos agentes oxidantes. Además, presentan características físico-químicas determinantes para su capacidad gelificante. Los geles de arabinoxilanos han despertado un gran interés debido a que presentan características interesantes como: olor y sabor neutro; estabilidad al pH, a los cambios de temperatura y de concentración de electrolitos; así como una estructura macroporosa. Estas características les confieren aplicación potencial como matrices para la liberación controlada de biomoléculas en aplicaciones alimentarias y no alimentarias, lo cual podría dar valor agregado a los cereales o subproductos de cereales de los cuales pueden ser extraídos estos polisacáridos. Esta revisión incluye los reportes más recientes sobre las características fisicoquímicas y la capacidad gelificante de arabinoxilanos ferulados, tema sobre el cual ha resurgido el interés en los últimos diez años. La generación de nuevo conocimiento sobre este polisacárido y sus geles podría sentar las bases para su aplicación en distintas áreas como la agroalimentaria, la biomédica y la cosmética, entre otras.

Identification key, diversity and host associations of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of aphids attacking cereal crops in Egypt

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4312 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEVEEN S. GADALLAH ◽  
AHMED H. EL-HENEIDY ◽  
SAMAR M. MAHMOUD ◽  
NICKOLAS G. KAVALLIERATOS
Keyword(s):  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Cereal Plants ◽  
First Time

In the present study, a total of eleven Aphidiinae parasitoid species belonging to six genera (Aphidius Nees, Binodoxys Mackauer, Diaeretiella Starý, Ephedrus Haliday, Lysiphlebus Foerster and Praon Haliday) were recorded from three aphid species [Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobium avenae (F.)] feeding on four cereal plants (Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum aestivum L. and Zea mays L.) in Egypt. An illustrated key of the recorded aphidiines, the tritrophic (parasitoid-aphid-plant) associations and their distribution in the target area are also provided. Among the emerged parasitoids, Aphidius ervi Haliday is a new record for the fauna of Egypt. Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga and Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday) are reported for the first time to be associated with aphids infesting cereals in Egypt. 

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