scholarly journals Resistance of winter cereals to various winter stress factors - inter- and intraspecific variation and the role of cold acclimation

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Maarit Hömmö
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Snow Mould

This work was undertaken to study the inter and intraspecies variation in winterhardiness of overwintering cereal species and to find out the reasons for this variation. The studied 24 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 13 rye (Secale cereale L.), 5 triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and 11 barley (Hordeum vulgäre L.) cultivars differed highly significantly from each other in winter survival ability determined in field trials during 1989-1992 at six locations in Finland and at altogether 17 locations in all the Nordic countries. The Field Survival Indexes of cultivars were determined, too. Rye was the most winter hardy species followed by winter wheat, triticale and barley. Since field trials often fail to screen the resistance of plants to specific winter stress factors, such as frost or snow mould, laboratory tests were used to study these factors. On the basis of the results it could be concluded that, during cold acclimation, sugars and proline are accumulated, and the fatty acid composition of the plasma membrane lipid fractions is changed. Cold acclimation enhances frost resistance and general winterhardiness of overwintering cereals, but part of the snow mould (Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & Hallet) resistance may be induced without low temperature treatment. Thus, different resistance mechanisms may be controlling frost and snow mould resistance. The results of this study suggest that general winterhardiness of overwintering species could be enhanced by screening separately resistance mechanisms of plants to various specific winter stress factors and combining these into new cultivars.

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

scholarly journals Correlations between grain yield and related traits in winter wheat under multi-environmental traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
N. Tsenov ◽  
T. Gubatov ◽  
I. Yanchev
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike

Abstract. In a series of field trials, a database of quantitative traits associated with winter wheat grain yield has been collected. The aim of the present study is to determine the relationships between the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) traits of productivity in environments causing the maximum possible variation of each of the traits. In order to determine the correlations between the quantitative characters studied, all possible statistical methods have been applied (regression analysis, PCA, Multiple Correspondence analysis), which complement each other. It was found that the nature of the correlations between traits depends to a large extent on the methods for their evaluation. There are high and significant correlations between grain yields and the grain number per spike (weight of grain per spike and number of grains per m2) even under strong genotype by environment interaction of all the traits in trails. The established results are related to possible options for increasing winter wheat grain yield by breeding.

scholarly journals Changes in the soil organic matter supply in topsoil and subsoil caused by cereals grown in crop rotations

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Vítězslav Vlček ◽  
Radomíra Střálková ◽  
Jitka Podešvová ◽  
Eduard Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Cereal Species

The paper evaluates seven years (1993–1999) of Soil organic matter supply monitoring in multifactor field trials conducted by the Agricultural Research Institute in Kroměříž, Czech Republic, (mean annual temperature 8.9 °C, total annual precipitation 599 mm, medium Luvi-Haplic Chernozem). The studied plots were a part of nine-crop rotation: alfalfa the 1st and 2nd year, winter wheat, spring barley, sugar beet, spring barley, winter wheat, silage maize and spring barley. The Soil organic matter supply was measured on four plots: winter wheat after spring barley (var. 1), winter wheat after alfalfa (var. 2), spring barley after winter wheat (var. 3) and spring barley after sugar beet (var. 4). Soil samples were taken from April to July (14–day period) from topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–60 cm). The content of Soil organic matter was determined by wet oxidation. Using bulk density, the C content (%) was converted to C supply (t. ha−1). Average yield (t. ha−1) reached 6.54 t/ha (var. 1), 7.47 t/ha (var. 2), 6.52 t/ha (var. 3) and 7.20 t/ha (var. 4). Evaluation of the results was carried out by the analysis of variance and time changes by the second-degree regression analysis. Results demonstrated that Soil organic matter supplies were significantly changed in topsoil. The highest supplies were found in barley after sugar beet (118 t. ha−1), the lowest ones in wheat after alfalfa (111 t. ha−1). As for the cereal species generally, it was documented that in topsoils under barley the supplies were higher than under winter wheat. In subsoil, there were significant differences between wheat after alfalfa (111 t. ha−1) and barley after wheat (104 t. ha−1). As for a difference in the Soil organic matter supply in subsoil according to the cereal species the situation was contrary than in topsoil. Higher supplies were under wheat. Generally (topsoil and subsoil), the highest supply of Soil organic matter was in barley after sugar beet (224 t. ha−1) and similarly in wheat after alfalfa (222 t. ha−1). The smallest supply was in the variant of wheat after barley (217 t. ha−1). In topsoil, the average supply of humus was 114 t. ha−1 and that in subsoil was 107 t. ha−1 the difference being statistically significant.

scholarly journals Genetic modifications as a future prospect in the improvement of the major qualitative traits of cereals. A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
KAROLINA DUDZIAK ◽  
MICHAŁ NOWAK ◽  
KRZYSZTOF KOWALCZYK
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Direct Gene Transfer ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors

Progress in cereals transformation which can be observed for last two decades has great importance in the development of plant science and agriculture. So far, non-vector techniques, particularly direct gene transfer using „gene gun”, have been often applied in cereals transformation. However, agrobiotechnology achievements enabled cereals transformation with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Initially, it was believed that this technique cannot be applied to cereals because monocotyledones are outside the host range of the crown gall disease. Nowadays, the top five cereals with the highest economic significance – rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) are quite efficiently transformed by A. tumefaciens. By means of molecular genetic tools it is possible to obtain cereals with new, improved traits. The present paper is focused on agricultural development which can by observed by the application of GM cereals tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Moreover, we summarized the latest achievements in cereals transformation.

Insect Distribution in a Spring Pea-Winter Wheat-Spring Barley Crop Rotation System

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Quisenberry ◽  
D. J. Schotzko ◽  
P. F. Lamb ◽  
F. L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Insect Distribution ◽  
Tillage Method ◽  
Pea Leaf Weevil

The effects of tillage method (conventional or conservative) and weed management level (recommended or minimum) on insect distribution in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation were studied. Aphids were the major insect species on winter wheat and spring barley, but were not of economic importance. Beneficial species impacted aphid population levels by maintaining their numbers below economic thresholds. Tillage method and weed management level had limited impact on aphid and beneficial insect populations. Pea leaf weevil (Sitonia lineatus [L.]) and pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum [L.]) populations reached economic injury levels in 1992; two insecticide applications were needed. Pea leaf weevil populations did not reach economic levels in 1993; however, pea weevil populations reached an economic level at flowering stage and an insecticide was applied. Pea leaf weevil populations were higher in conventional tillage plots compared with conservation tillage plots. Early-season insecticide applications suppressed beneficial insects in the pea plots.

scholarly journals THE ZINC FERTILITY OF SASKATCHEWAN SOILS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. SINGH ◽  
J. W. B. STEWART ◽  
R. E. KARAMANOS
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Extractable Zn

Current criteria for predicting zinc (Zn) deficiency in Saskatchewan soils are based on DTPA-extractable Zn values. DTPA-extractable Zn levels in 12% of 1200 samples taken across Saskatchewan contained less than 0.5 mg Zn kg−1 soil and would be classified as potentially Zn deficient. However, 23 field trials in 1982, 1983 and 1984 with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), lentils (Lens esculenta Moench.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) produced only one significant response to Zn fertilization. No yield benefits due to either annual or residual application of Zn fertilizer were obtained even on high lime soils or those containing DTPA-extractable Zn levels below 0.5 mg kg−1 soil. Hence, current soil criteria to identify Zn deficiencies under the prevailing cropping systems must be revised to reflect these findings. Key words: DTPA-extractable Zn, crop response, critical level

Effect of fungicide seed treatments on root pathogens of cereal crops under field conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Fernandez ◽  
W.E. May ◽  
G.P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Growing Conditions

It is of importance to reduce the spread of Fusarium graminearum to western regions of the Canadian prairies where Fusarium head blight has so far occurred to a limited extent. Determining the effectiveness of fungicides against F. graminearum in infected seed under various growing conditions will help design a comprehensive strategy for preventing the spread of this pathogen. Field trials at various locations in eastern Saskatchewan were conducted (2003-2005) to examine the performance of registered and experimental fungicides on Fusarium colonization of subcrown internodes (SIs) of plants derived from Fusarium-infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum [T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] wheat seed, and on SI discoloration. Among the fungi isolated from discolored SIs were Fusarium spp., including F. graminearum, and Cochliobolus sativus. Fusarium graminearum infections were mostly seed-borne whereas infection by other fungi appeared to be mostly soil-borne. Compared with the untreated infected control, the combined seed treatments reduced discoloration of SIs, but no single fungicide reduced discoloration consistently across site-years or crops. Similarly, no product consistently reduced the isolation of F. graminearum or other Fusarium pathogens, although some fungicides appeared to be more effective than others in reducing isolation of F. graminearum or C. sativus. Our observations agree with results from a controlled-environment study of effects of seed treatments on F. graminearum colonization of plants derived from infected common and durum wheat seed, thus confirming that treatment of F. graminearum-infected seed with fungicides will not likely prevent the spread of this pathogen.

scholarly journals Expression analysis of alpha-tubulin genes during cold acclimation in winter wheat Demetra

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
D. D. Bui ◽  
A. Ye. Demkovych ◽  
Ya. V. Pirko ◽  
Ya. B. Blume
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Cytoskeleton Reorganization

Aim. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) display significant increase in freezing tolerance during a period of cold acclimation (CA). Functions and regulations unraveling of CA-associated genes can help in cold-resistant cultivars receiving using biotechnology methods. Cytoskeleton reorganization is an important element of the cold resistance mechanism associated with tubulin expression level alterations. Methods. Cold acclimation during 28 days was carried out. The expression level of 15 members of alpha-tubulin genes was measured using RT Real-time PCR with specific primers. Results. Similar patterns of expression alterations were observed within subfamilies. The highest levels of expression were recorded for the fourth subfamily members (Tuba_4-1, 4-2, 4-3) and Tuba_2-3 gene. These 4 alpha-tubulin genes may be involved in the vital functions maintenance during the first days of the low temperature influence. Conclusions. It is likely that four of the fifteen genes are related to cold tolerance mechanisms since they have significantly higher expression levels during cold acclimation. Keywords: Triticum aestivum, winter wheat, tubulin, cold acclimation.

ANNUAL WEED CONTROL WITH PARAQUAT IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER HERBICIDES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. O’DONOVAN ◽  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Key Words Wheat

Paraquat at 0.28 kg/ha effectively controlled barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Galt’), wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’) and oat (Avena sativa L. ’Random’) in field trials conducted during 1982 and 1983. Grass control was excellent with paraquat and its activity was unaffected when it was applied in combination with either clopyralid, picloram, metribuzin, linuron, or chlorsulfuron. Slight reductions in paraquat phytotoxicity occurred in some instances when paraquat was applied in combination with commercially formulated mixtured of clopyralid plus 2,4-D, clopyralid plus MCPA or picloram plus 2,4-D, but grass control was still acceptable (90% or greater). However, a commercially formulated mixture of cyanazine plus MCPA consistently reduced the phytotoxicity of paraquat and rendered grass control unacceptable. Control of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’) with paraquat and most paraquat mixtures was excellent in 1982 but was poor and variable in 1983.Key words: Wheat, barley, oat, rapeseed, zero tillage, chemical summerfallow

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