scholarly journals Evaluation of metrics for benchmarking antimicrobial use in the UK dairy industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 (13) ◽  
pp. 379-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet L Mills ◽  
Andrea Turner ◽  
Lisa Morgans ◽  
Jonathan Massey ◽  
Hannah Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Risk Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

The issue of antimicrobial resistance is of global concern across human and animal health. In 2016, the UK government committed to new targets for reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock. Although a number of metrics for quantifying AMU are defined in the literature, all give slightly different interpretations. This paper evaluates a selection of metrics for AMU in the dairy industry: total mg, total mg/kg, daily dose and daily course metrics. Although the focus is on their application to the dairy industry, the metrics and issues discussed are relevant across livestock sectors. In order to be used widely, a metric should be understandable and relevant to the veterinarians and farmers who are prescribing and using antimicrobials. This means that clear methods, assumptions (and possible biases), standardised values and exceptions should be published for all metrics. Particularly relevant are assumptions around the number and weight of cattle at risk of treatment and definitions of dose rates and course lengths; incorrect assumptions can mean metrics over-represent or under-represent AMU. The authors recommend that the UK dairy industry work towards the UK-specific metrics using the UK-specific medicine dose and course regimens as well as cattle weights in order to monitor trends nationally.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Metrics for Benchmarking Antimicrobial Use in the United Kingdom Dairy Industry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet L. Mills ◽  
Andrea Turner ◽  
Lisa Morgans ◽  
Jonathan Massey ◽  
Hannah Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Risk Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe issue of antimicrobial resistance is of global concern across human and animal health. In 2016 the UK government committed to new targets for reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock. However, though a number of metrics for quantifying AMU are defined in the literature, all give slightly different interpretations.This paper reviews a selection of metrics for AMU in the dairy industry: total mg, total mg/kg, daily dose and daily course metrics. Although the focus is on their application to the dairy industry, the metrics and issues discussed are relevant across livestock sectors.In order to be used widely, a metric should be understandable and relevant to the veterinarians and farmers who are prescribing and using antimicrobials. This means that clear methods, assumptions (and possible biases), standardised values and exceptions should be published for all metrics. Particularly relevant are assumptions around the number and weight of cattle at risk of treatment and definitions of dose rates and course lengths; incorrect assumptions can mean metrics over- or under-represent AMU.The authors recommend that the UK dairy industry work towards UK-specific metrics using UK-specific medicine dose and course regimens as well as cattle weights in order to monitor trends nationally.

Antimicrobial resistance: how changes have improved practices in the UK dairy industry

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-185
Author(s):  
Jenny Bellini
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Uk ◽  
On Farm

The UK dairy industry has embraced the principles of prescribing and using antimicrobials responsibly, with great advances made over the past few years. There has been a collaborative industry approach to reduce and refine antimicrobial use on farm, with a series of case studies presented below demonstrating how farms have made huge changes to their antimicrobial use, with no compromise to herd health and welfare. With the publication of the latest Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture (RUMA) targets 2021–2024, there is undoubtedly still work that can be done as an industry. Harnessing and utilising antimicrobial sales and on-farm data will be crucial to motivate further change on farm.

Epidemiology and Molecular Basis of Multidrug Resistance in Rhodococcus equi

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonsiray Álvarez-Narváez ◽  
Laura Huber ◽  
Steeve Giguère ◽  
Kelsey A. Hart ◽  
Roy D. Berghaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Rhodococcus Equi ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Breeding Farms

SUMMARY The development and spread of antimicrobial resistance are major concerns for human and animal health. The effects of the overuse of antimicrobials in domestic animals on the dissemination of resistant microbes to humans and the environment are of concern worldwide. Rhodococcus equi is an ideal model to illustrate the spread of antimicrobial resistance at the animal-human-environment interface because it is a natural soil saprophyte that is an intracellular zoonotic pathogen that produces severe bronchopneumonia in many animal species and humans. Globally, R. equi is most often recognized as causing severe pneumonia in foals that results in animal suffering and increased production costs for the many horse-breeding farms where the disease occurs. Because highly effective preventive measures for R. equi are lacking, thoracic ultrasonographic screening and antimicrobial chemotherapy of subclinically affected foals have been used for controlling this disease during the last 20 years. The resultant increase in antimicrobial use attributable to this “screen-and-treat” approach at farms where the disease is endemic has likely driven the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi in foals and their environment. This review summarizes the factors that contributed to the development and spread of MDR R. equi, the molecular epidemiology of the emergence of MDR R. equi, the repercussions of MDR R. equi for veterinary and human medicine, and measures that might mitigate antimicrobial resistance at horse-breeding farms, such as alternative treatments to traditional antibiotics. Knowledge of the emergence and spread of MDR R. equi is of broad importance for understanding how antimicrobial use in domestic animals can impact the health of animals, their environment, and human beings.

scholarly journals 2019 Survey of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Stewardship Practices in Adult Cows on California Dairies: Post Senate Bill 27

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Essam M. Abdelfattah ◽  
Pius S. Ekong ◽  
Emmanuel Okello ◽  
Deniece R. Williams ◽  
Betsy M. Karle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Senate Bill ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Survey Responses

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in animals can contribute to the emergence of AMR. In January 2018, California (CA) implemented legislation (Senate Bill 27; SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for medically important AMD use in food animals. The objective of our survey was to characterize AMD use, health management, and AMD stewardship practices of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of SB 27. In 2019, we mailed a questionnaire to 1282 California dairies. We received a total of 131 (10.2%) survey responses from 19 counties in CA. Our results showed that 45.6% of respondents included a veterinarian in their decision on which injectable AMD to purchase. Additionally, 48.8% of dairy producers included a veterinarian in their decision on which AMDs were used to treat sick cows. The majority (96.8%) of dairy producers were aware that all uses of medically important AMDs require a prescription. Approximately 49% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that AMD use in livestock does not cause problems in humans. The survey documents antimicrobial use and stewardship practices in CA’s dairy industry and focus areas for future research and education.

scholarly journals Does gonorrhoea screening intensity play a role in the early selection of antimicrobial resistance in men who have sex with men (MSM)? A comparative study of Belgium and the United Kingdom

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Kenyon ◽  
Irith De Baetselier ◽  
Tania Crucitti
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

Background: It is unclear why antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States has tended to first appear in men who have sex with men (MSM). We hypothesize that increased exposure to antimicrobials from intensive STI screening programmes plays a role. Methods: We assess if there is a difference in the distribution of azithromycin, cefixime and ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between MSM and women in the United Kingdom (UK) where 70% of MSM report STI screening in the past year vs. Belgium where 9% report STI screening in the past year. Our hypothesis is that MICs of the MSM should be higher than those of the women in the UK but not Belgium. Data for the MICs were taken from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in the UK in 2010/2011 and 2014 and a similar national surveillance programme in Belgium in 2013/2014 (the first most complete available data). We used the Mann–Whitney test to compare the MIC distributions between MSM and women within each country Results: In the UK the MICs for all three antimicrobials were significantly higher in MSM than women at both time points (P all <0.0005). In Belgium only the MIC distribution for azithromycin was higher in MSM (P<0.0005). Conclusion: The findings for cefixime and ceftriaxone, but not azithromycin are compatible with our hypothesis that screening-intensity could contribute to the emergence of AMR. Numerous other interpretations of our results are discussed.

scholarly journals Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data—Part II, Application

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1491
Author(s):  
Agnes Agunos ◽  
Sheryl P. Gow ◽  
Anne E. Deckert ◽  
David F. Léger
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
The Impact

Using the methodology developed for integrated analysis and reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data, farm-level surveillance data were synthesized and integrated to assess trends and explore potential AMU and AMR associations. Data from broiler chicken flocks (n = 656), grower–finisher pig herds (n = 462) and turkey flocks (n = 339) surveyed by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) at the farm-level (2015–2019) were used. The analyses showed a reduction in mean flock/herd level number of defined daily doses using Canadian standards (nDDDvetCA) adjusted for kg animal biomass that coincided with the decline in % resistance in the three species. This was noted in most AMU-AMR pairs studied except for ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter where resistance continued to be detected (moderate to high levels) despite limited fluoroquinolone use. Noteworthy was the significantly negative association between the nDDDvetCA/kg animal biomass and susceptible Escherichia coli (multispecies data), an early indication that AMU stewardship actions are having an impact. However, an increase in the reporting of diseases in recent years was observed. This study highlighted the value of collecting high-resolution AMU surveillance data with animal health context at the farm-level to understand AMR trends, enable data integration and measure the impact of AMU stewardship actions.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Animal Health Service Providers on Antimicrobial Use Attitudes and Practices: An Examination of Poultry Layer Farmers in Ghana and Kenya

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi Afakye ◽  
Stella Kiambi ◽  
Eric Koka ◽  
Emmanuel Kabali ◽  
Alejandro Dorado-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Health Service Providers ◽  
The Impact

International organizations and governments have argued that animal health service providers can play a vital role in limiting antimicrobial resistance by promoting the prudent use of antimicrobials. However, there is little research on the impact of these service providers on prudent use at the farm level, especially in low- and middle-income countries where enforcement of prudent-use regulations is limited. Here, we use a mixed-methods approach to assess how animal health-seeking practices on layer farms in Ghana (n = 110) and Kenya (n = 76) impact self-reported antimicrobial usage, engagement in prudent administration and withdrawal practices and perceptions of antimicrobial resistance. In general, our results show that the frequency of health-seeking across a range of service providers (veterinarians, agrovets, and feed distributors) does not significantly correlate with prudent or non-prudent use practices or the levels of antimicrobials used. Instead, we find that patterns of antimicrobial use are linked to how much farmers invest in biosecurity (e.g., footbaths) and the following vaccination protocols. Our results emphasize that more research is required to understand the interactions between animal health service providers and farmers regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Addressing these gaps will be crucial to inform antimicrobial stewardship training, curriculums and, guidelines whose ultimate purpose is to limit the selection and transmission of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Implications of antibiotics use during the COVID-19 pandemic: present and future

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 3413-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Miranda ◽  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Rosa Capita ◽  
Carlos Alonso-Calleja ◽  
Gilberto Igrejas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Severe Respiratory Infection ◽  
Health Policymaking

Abstract COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has infected more than 4 million people with 278 892 deaths worldwide as of 11 May 2020. This disease, which can manifest as a severe respiratory infection, has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern and is being treated with a variety of antivirals, antibiotics and antifungals. This article highlights the administration of antimicrobials in COVID-19 patients worldwide, during the 2019–20 pandemic. It is imperative to be aware of the unreported amounts of antibiotics that have been administered worldwide in just a few months and a marked increase in antimicrobial resistance should therefore be expected. Due to the lack of data about antimicrobial use during this pandemic, the global impact on the emergence of new antimicrobial resistance is as yet unknown. This issue must be at the forefront of public health policymaking and planning in order that we are prepared for the potentially severe consequences for human and animal health and the environment.

scholarly journals “We are doctors”: Drivers of animal health practices among Maasai pastoralists and implications for antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 105266
Author(s):  
Peter E. Mangesho ◽  
Mark A. Caudell ◽  
Elibariki R. Mwakapeje ◽  
Moses Ole-Neselle ◽  
Emmanuel Kabali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Health Practices

scholarly journals Towards a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use and resistance on the farm: A knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey across livestock systems in five African countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Caudell ◽  
Alejandro Dorado-Garcia ◽  
Suzanne Eckford ◽  
Denis Byarugaba ◽  
Kofi Afakye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractThe nutritional and economic potentials of livestock systems are compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A major driver of resistance is the misuse and abuse of antimicrobial drugs. The likelihood of misuse may be elevated in low- and middle-income countries where limited professional veterinary services and laissez faire access to drugs are assumed to promote non-prudent practices (e.g., self-administration of drugs). The extent of these practices, as well as the knowledge and attitudes motivating them, are largely unknown within most agricultural communities in low- and middle-income countries. The main objective of this study was to document dimensions of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in livestock systems and identify the livelihood factors associated with these dimensions. A mixed-methods ethnographic approach was used to survey households keeping layers in Ghana (N=110) and Kenya (N=76), pastoralists keeping cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania (N=195), and broiler farmers in Zambia (N=198), and Zimbabwe (N=298). Across countries, we find that it is individuals who live or work at the farm who draw upon their knowledge and experiences to make decisions regarding antimicrobial use and related practices. Input from animal health professionals is rare and antimicrobials are sourced at local, privately owned agrovet drug shops. We also find that knowledge, attitudes, and particularly practices significantly varied across countries, with poultry farmers holding more knowledge, desirable attitudes, and prudent practices compared to pastoralists households. Multivariate models showed that variation is related to several factors, including education, disease dynamics on the farm, and sources of animal health information. Study results emphasize that interventions to limit antimicrobial resistance must be founded upon a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use at the farm-level given limited input from animal health professionals and under-resourced regulatory capacities within most low- and middle-income countries. Establishing this bottom-up understanding across cultures and production systems will inform the development and implementation of the behavioral change interventions to combat AMR globally.

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