scholarly journals 2019 Survey of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Stewardship Practices in Adult Cows on California Dairies: Post Senate Bill 27

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Essam M. Abdelfattah ◽  
Pius S. Ekong ◽  
Emmanuel Okello ◽  
Deniece R. Williams ◽  
Betsy M. Karle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Senate Bill ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Survey Responses

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in animals can contribute to the emergence of AMR. In January 2018, California (CA) implemented legislation (Senate Bill 27; SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for medically important AMD use in food animals. The objective of our survey was to characterize AMD use, health management, and AMD stewardship practices of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of SB 27. In 2019, we mailed a questionnaire to 1282 California dairies. We received a total of 131 (10.2%) survey responses from 19 counties in CA. Our results showed that 45.6% of respondents included a veterinarian in their decision on which injectable AMD to purchase. Additionally, 48.8% of dairy producers included a veterinarian in their decision on which AMDs were used to treat sick cows. The majority (96.8%) of dairy producers were aware that all uses of medically important AMDs require a prescription. Approximately 49% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that AMD use in livestock does not cause problems in humans. The survey documents antimicrobial use and stewardship practices in CA’s dairy industry and focus areas for future research and education.

Epidemiology and Molecular Basis of Multidrug Resistance in Rhodococcus equi

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonsiray Álvarez-Narváez ◽  
Laura Huber ◽  
Steeve Giguère ◽  
Kelsey A. Hart ◽  
Roy D. Berghaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Rhodococcus Equi ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Breeding Farms

SUMMARY The development and spread of antimicrobial resistance are major concerns for human and animal health. The effects of the overuse of antimicrobials in domestic animals on the dissemination of resistant microbes to humans and the environment are of concern worldwide. Rhodococcus equi is an ideal model to illustrate the spread of antimicrobial resistance at the animal-human-environment interface because it is a natural soil saprophyte that is an intracellular zoonotic pathogen that produces severe bronchopneumonia in many animal species and humans. Globally, R. equi is most often recognized as causing severe pneumonia in foals that results in animal suffering and increased production costs for the many horse-breeding farms where the disease occurs. Because highly effective preventive measures for R. equi are lacking, thoracic ultrasonographic screening and antimicrobial chemotherapy of subclinically affected foals have been used for controlling this disease during the last 20 years. The resultant increase in antimicrobial use attributable to this “screen-and-treat” approach at farms where the disease is endemic has likely driven the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi in foals and their environment. This review summarizes the factors that contributed to the development and spread of MDR R. equi, the molecular epidemiology of the emergence of MDR R. equi, the repercussions of MDR R. equi for veterinary and human medicine, and measures that might mitigate antimicrobial resistance at horse-breeding farms, such as alternative treatments to traditional antibiotics. Knowledge of the emergence and spread of MDR R. equi is of broad importance for understanding how antimicrobial use in domestic animals can impact the health of animals, their environment, and human beings.

scholarly journals Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data—Part II, Application

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1491
Author(s):  
Agnes Agunos ◽  
Sheryl P. Gow ◽  
Anne E. Deckert ◽  
David F. Léger
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
The Impact

Using the methodology developed for integrated analysis and reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data, farm-level surveillance data were synthesized and integrated to assess trends and explore potential AMU and AMR associations. Data from broiler chicken flocks (n = 656), grower–finisher pig herds (n = 462) and turkey flocks (n = 339) surveyed by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) at the farm-level (2015–2019) were used. The analyses showed a reduction in mean flock/herd level number of defined daily doses using Canadian standards (nDDDvetCA) adjusted for kg animal biomass that coincided with the decline in % resistance in the three species. This was noted in most AMU-AMR pairs studied except for ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter where resistance continued to be detected (moderate to high levels) despite limited fluoroquinolone use. Noteworthy was the significantly negative association between the nDDDvetCA/kg animal biomass and susceptible Escherichia coli (multispecies data), an early indication that AMU stewardship actions are having an impact. However, an increase in the reporting of diseases in recent years was observed. This study highlighted the value of collecting high-resolution AMU surveillance data with animal health context at the farm-level to understand AMR trends, enable data integration and measure the impact of AMU stewardship actions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of metrics for benchmarking antimicrobial use in the UK dairy industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 (13) ◽  
pp. 379-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet L Mills ◽  
Andrea Turner ◽  
Lisa Morgans ◽  
Jonathan Massey ◽  
Hannah Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Risk Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

The issue of antimicrobial resistance is of global concern across human and animal health. In 2016, the UK government committed to new targets for reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock. Although a number of metrics for quantifying AMU are defined in the literature, all give slightly different interpretations. This paper evaluates a selection of metrics for AMU in the dairy industry: total mg, total mg/kg, daily dose and daily course metrics. Although the focus is on their application to the dairy industry, the metrics and issues discussed are relevant across livestock sectors. In order to be used widely, a metric should be understandable and relevant to the veterinarians and farmers who are prescribing and using antimicrobials. This means that clear methods, assumptions (and possible biases), standardised values and exceptions should be published for all metrics. Particularly relevant are assumptions around the number and weight of cattle at risk of treatment and definitions of dose rates and course lengths; incorrect assumptions can mean metrics over-represent or under-represent AMU. The authors recommend that the UK dairy industry work towards the UK-specific metrics using the UK-specific medicine dose and course regimens as well as cattle weights in order to monitor trends nationally.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Animal Health Service Providers on Antimicrobial Use Attitudes and Practices: An Examination of Poultry Layer Farmers in Ghana and Kenya

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi Afakye ◽  
Stella Kiambi ◽  
Eric Koka ◽  
Emmanuel Kabali ◽  
Alejandro Dorado-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Health Service Providers ◽  
The Impact

International organizations and governments have argued that animal health service providers can play a vital role in limiting antimicrobial resistance by promoting the prudent use of antimicrobials. However, there is little research on the impact of these service providers on prudent use at the farm level, especially in low- and middle-income countries where enforcement of prudent-use regulations is limited. Here, we use a mixed-methods approach to assess how animal health-seeking practices on layer farms in Ghana (n = 110) and Kenya (n = 76) impact self-reported antimicrobial usage, engagement in prudent administration and withdrawal practices and perceptions of antimicrobial resistance. In general, our results show that the frequency of health-seeking across a range of service providers (veterinarians, agrovets, and feed distributors) does not significantly correlate with prudent or non-prudent use practices or the levels of antimicrobials used. Instead, we find that patterns of antimicrobial use are linked to how much farmers invest in biosecurity (e.g., footbaths) and the following vaccination protocols. Our results emphasize that more research is required to understand the interactions between animal health service providers and farmers regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Addressing these gaps will be crucial to inform antimicrobial stewardship training, curriculums and, guidelines whose ultimate purpose is to limit the selection and transmission of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Implications of antibiotics use during the COVID-19 pandemic: present and future

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 3413-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Miranda ◽  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Rosa Capita ◽  
Carlos Alonso-Calleja ◽  
Gilberto Igrejas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Severe Respiratory Infection ◽  
Health Policymaking

Abstract COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has infected more than 4 million people with 278 892 deaths worldwide as of 11 May 2020. This disease, which can manifest as a severe respiratory infection, has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern and is being treated with a variety of antivirals, antibiotics and antifungals. This article highlights the administration of antimicrobials in COVID-19 patients worldwide, during the 2019–20 pandemic. It is imperative to be aware of the unreported amounts of antibiotics that have been administered worldwide in just a few months and a marked increase in antimicrobial resistance should therefore be expected. Due to the lack of data about antimicrobial use during this pandemic, the global impact on the emergence of new antimicrobial resistance is as yet unknown. This issue must be at the forefront of public health policymaking and planning in order that we are prepared for the potentially severe consequences for human and animal health and the environment.

scholarly journals “We are doctors”: Drivers of animal health practices among Maasai pastoralists and implications for antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 105266
Author(s):  
Peter E. Mangesho ◽  
Mark A. Caudell ◽  
Elibariki R. Mwakapeje ◽  
Moses Ole-Neselle ◽  
Emmanuel Kabali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Health Practices

scholarly journals Towards a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use and resistance on the farm: A knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey across livestock systems in five African countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Caudell ◽  
Alejandro Dorado-Garcia ◽  
Suzanne Eckford ◽  
Denis Byarugaba ◽  
Kofi Afakye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractThe nutritional and economic potentials of livestock systems are compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A major driver of resistance is the misuse and abuse of antimicrobial drugs. The likelihood of misuse may be elevated in low- and middle-income countries where limited professional veterinary services and laissez faire access to drugs are assumed to promote non-prudent practices (e.g., self-administration of drugs). The extent of these practices, as well as the knowledge and attitudes motivating them, are largely unknown within most agricultural communities in low- and middle-income countries. The main objective of this study was to document dimensions of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in livestock systems and identify the livelihood factors associated with these dimensions. A mixed-methods ethnographic approach was used to survey households keeping layers in Ghana (N=110) and Kenya (N=76), pastoralists keeping cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania (N=195), and broiler farmers in Zambia (N=198), and Zimbabwe (N=298). Across countries, we find that it is individuals who live or work at the farm who draw upon their knowledge and experiences to make decisions regarding antimicrobial use and related practices. Input from animal health professionals is rare and antimicrobials are sourced at local, privately owned agrovet drug shops. We also find that knowledge, attitudes, and particularly practices significantly varied across countries, with poultry farmers holding more knowledge, desirable attitudes, and prudent practices compared to pastoralists households. Multivariate models showed that variation is related to several factors, including education, disease dynamics on the farm, and sources of animal health information. Study results emphasize that interventions to limit antimicrobial resistance must be founded upon a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use at the farm-level given limited input from animal health professionals and under-resourced regulatory capacities within most low- and middle-income countries. Establishing this bottom-up understanding across cultures and production systems will inform the development and implementation of the behavioral change interventions to combat AMR globally.

scholarly journals A review of the resistome within the digestive tract of livestock

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Ma ◽  
Tim A. McAllister ◽  
Le Luo Guan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Production Animals

AbstractAntimicrobials have been widely used to prevent and treat infectious diseases and promote growth in food-production animals. However, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance poses a huge threat to public and animal health, especially in less developed countries where food-producing animals often intermingle with humans. To limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance from food-production animals to humans and the environment, it is essential to have a comprehensive knowledge of the role of the resistome in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), The resistome refers to the collection of all antimicrobial resistance genes associated with microbiota in a given environment. The dense microbiota in the digestive tract is known to harbour one of the most diverse resistomes in nature. Studies of the resistome in the digestive tract of humans and animals are increasing exponentially as a result of advancements in next-generation sequencing and the expansion of bioinformatic resources/tools to identify and describe the resistome. In this review, we outline the various tools/bioinformatic pipelines currently available to characterize and understand the nature of the intestinal resistome of swine, poultry, and ruminants. We then propose future research directions including analysis of resistome using long-read sequencing, investigation in the role of mobile genetic elements in the expression, function and transmission of AMR. This review outlines the current knowledge and approaches to studying the resistome in food-producing animals and sheds light on future strategies to reduce antimicrobial usage and control the spread of AMR both within and from livestock production systems.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial use and resistance data in human and animal sectors in the Lao PDR: evidence to inform policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. e007009
Author(s):  
Vilada Chansamouth ◽  
Mayfong Mayxay ◽  
David AB Dance ◽  
Tamalee Roberts ◽  
Rattanaxay Phetsouvanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase

ObjectivesTo review the scientific evidence base on antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and animal sectors in the Lao PDR (Laos).MethodsWe reviewed all publications from July 1994 (the first article describing AMR in Laos) to December 2020. Electronic searches were conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed with specific terms relating to AMR and AMU in Lao, French and English languages.FindingsWe screened 1,357 peer-reviewed and grey reports by title and abstract and then full articles/reports. Of 80 included, 66 (83%) related to human health, nine (11%) to animal health, four (5%) to both animal and human health and one (1%) to the environment. Sixty-two (78%) were on AMR and 18 (22%) on AMU. Extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli was the greatest concern identified; the proportion of isolates increased fivefold from 2004 to 2016 (2/28 (7%) to 27/78 (35%)) from blood cultures submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane. Carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli was first identified in 2015. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was uncommon, with 15 cases of MRSA from blood cultures between its first identification in 2017 and December 2020. AMR patterns of global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) target pathogens from livestock were less well documented. There were few data on AMU in human health and none on AMU in livestock. The first hospital AMU survey in Laos showed that 70% (1,386/1,981) of in-patients in five hospitals from 2017 to 2018 received antimicrobial(s). Antibiotic self-medication was common.ConclusionAMR in Laos is occurring at relatively low proportions for some GLASS pathogens, giving the country a window of opportunity to act quickly to implement strategies to protect the population from a worsening situation. Urgent interventions to roll out new guidelines with enhanced one-health antibiotic stewardship, reduce antibiotic use without prescriptions, enhance surveillance and improve understanding of AMU and AMR are needed.

scholarly journals Workshop: Bridging disciplines, sectors and systems for interdisciplinary research on antimicrobial resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Wicked Problem ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest contemporary threats to global health, food security and development. AMR is associated with longer illness, higher mortality and higher health care costs, and threatens the success of many disease interventions including surgery, chemotherapy and the fight against HIV, TB and Malaria. The risks and impacts of AMR are truly universal and global, putting everyone at risk across demographic, socioeconomic and geographic boundaries. AMR is a “wicked” problem driven by a range of complex, structural and interconnected factors, including in sectors related to human health, animal health, agriculture and the environment. Research on AMR is therefore needed not only from, but which bridges across, diverse disciplines including biomedicine, public health and the environmental, animal, social and political sciences. Despite calls for coordinated action on AMR, traditional siloes between sectors and disciplines, and from research to practice, remain difficult to bridge. Many efforts have strengthened communication and coordination but remain essentially focused on “drugs and bugs”, stopping short of achieving the type of radical, integrative and trans-border (disciplinary, sectoral, national, etc) collaboration needed to explore and effectively tackle this complex challenge. The goal of this workshop is to create a space for dedicated discussion between professionals from diverse disciplines, sectors and settings to explore the following questions: What key questions or challenges for understanding and tackling AMR (from a research, policy or practice perspective) need to be explored using an interdisciplinary research approach?What thematic intersections, tensions and synergies exist between different disciplines conducting research on or relevant to AMR? What different theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches can be brought together to answer such questions?How can we create bridges and strengthen solidarity between professionals in different disciplines, sectors and stakeholder groups to foster the type of systematic, inter-/trans-disciplinary research needed? How can we ensure the knowledge generated informs evidence-based policy and practice to effectively and equitably tackle AMR?What initiatives for inter-/trans-disciplinary research on AMR have been effective and what can be learned to inform future research? Following a brief introduction of key concepts and objectives, two presentations will provide input from research on the macro-structural drivers of AMR, which demonstrate the importance and value of different disciplinary research on this topic. A third presentation will explore equity and gender considerations in tackling AMR. The subsequent discussion will examine the above questions by tapping into the expertise, experience and perspectives of the presenters and participants. The workshop will close with a summary of lessons learnt and directions for future research. Key messages New forms of inter- and trans-disciplinary, translational research are needed to understand the complex drivers and dynamics of antimicrobial resistance and how to address this major global threat. Meaningful exchange is needed to identify concrete ways to overcome the methodological, practical and other challenges to conducting systematic, inter-/trans-disciplinary research on AMR.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document