scholarly journals Evaluation of Metrics for Benchmarking Antimicrobial Use in the United Kingdom Dairy Industry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet L. Mills ◽  
Andrea Turner ◽  
Lisa Morgans ◽  
Jonathan Massey ◽  
Hannah Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Risk Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe issue of antimicrobial resistance is of global concern across human and animal health. In 2016 the UK government committed to new targets for reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock. However, though a number of metrics for quantifying AMU are defined in the literature, all give slightly different interpretations.This paper reviews a selection of metrics for AMU in the dairy industry: total mg, total mg/kg, daily dose and daily course metrics. Although the focus is on their application to the dairy industry, the metrics and issues discussed are relevant across livestock sectors.In order to be used widely, a metric should be understandable and relevant to the veterinarians and farmers who are prescribing and using antimicrobials. This means that clear methods, assumptions (and possible biases), standardised values and exceptions should be published for all metrics. Particularly relevant are assumptions around the number and weight of cattle at risk of treatment and definitions of dose rates and course lengths; incorrect assumptions can mean metrics over- or under-represent AMU.The authors recommend that the UK dairy industry work towards UK-specific metrics using UK-specific medicine dose and course regimens as well as cattle weights in order to monitor trends nationally.

scholarly journals Evaluation of metrics for benchmarking antimicrobial use in the UK dairy industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 (13) ◽  
pp. 379-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet L Mills ◽  
Andrea Turner ◽  
Lisa Morgans ◽  
Jonathan Massey ◽  
Hannah Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Risk Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

The issue of antimicrobial resistance is of global concern across human and animal health. In 2016, the UK government committed to new targets for reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock. Although a number of metrics for quantifying AMU are defined in the literature, all give slightly different interpretations. This paper evaluates a selection of metrics for AMU in the dairy industry: total mg, total mg/kg, daily dose and daily course metrics. Although the focus is on their application to the dairy industry, the metrics and issues discussed are relevant across livestock sectors. In order to be used widely, a metric should be understandable and relevant to the veterinarians and farmers who are prescribing and using antimicrobials. This means that clear methods, assumptions (and possible biases), standardised values and exceptions should be published for all metrics. Particularly relevant are assumptions around the number and weight of cattle at risk of treatment and definitions of dose rates and course lengths; incorrect assumptions can mean metrics over-represent or under-represent AMU. The authors recommend that the UK dairy industry work towards the UK-specific metrics using the UK-specific medicine dose and course regimens as well as cattle weights in order to monitor trends nationally.

Predictive Validity of Variables Used to Select Students for Postgraduate Management Courses

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1239-1247
Author(s):  
John Lane ◽  
Andrew M. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ability Tests ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

The present study set in the United Kingdom examined the predictive validity of variables used to select graduate students into postgraduate management programs at a UK business school. 303 postgraduate students completed a cognitive ability test (MD5, Mental Ability Test), a questionnaire to assess perceptions of self-efficacy to succeed on the program, and reported their performance on their first (undergraduate) degree. Students completed these measures at the start of the programs. Each program comprised 12 modules, which all students were required to complete successfully. Students' performance was measured by the average grade obtained over the 12 modules. Multiple regression indicated that only 22% of the variance (Adjusted R2 = .22, p < .001) in students' performance was predicted significantly by cognitive ability scores. Results show that neither performance on first degree nor scores for self-efficacy showed a significant relationship to the criterion measure. Findings from the present study suggest that in the UK, the use of cognitive ability tests may play a significant role in the selection of students into postgraduate programs. Nonsignificant self-efficacy and performance relationships are ascribed to unclear knowledge of the demands of the program. We suggest that there is need for further research to examine factors related to performance.

scholarly journals Does gonorrhoea screening intensity play a role in the early selection of antimicrobial resistance in men who have sex with men (MSM)? A comparative study of Belgium and the United Kingdom

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Kenyon ◽  
Irith De Baetselier ◽  
Tania Crucitti
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

Background: It is unclear why antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States has tended to first appear in men who have sex with men (MSM). We hypothesize that increased exposure to antimicrobials from intensive STI screening programmes plays a role. Methods: We assess if there is a difference in the distribution of azithromycin, cefixime and ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between MSM and women in the United Kingdom (UK) where 70% of MSM report STI screening in the past year vs. Belgium where 9% report STI screening in the past year. Our hypothesis is that MICs of the MSM should be higher than those of the women in the UK but not Belgium. Data for the MICs were taken from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in the UK in 2010/2011 and 2014 and a similar national surveillance programme in Belgium in 2013/2014 (the first most complete available data). We used the Mann–Whitney test to compare the MIC distributions between MSM and women within each country Results: In the UK the MICs for all three antimicrobials were significantly higher in MSM than women at both time points (P all <0.0005). In Belgium only the MIC distribution for azithromycin was higher in MSM (P<0.0005). Conclusion: The findings for cefixime and ceftriaxone, but not azithromycin are compatible with our hypothesis that screening-intensity could contribute to the emergence of AMR. Numerous other interpretations of our results are discussed.

Antimicrobial resistance: how changes have improved practices in the UK dairy industry

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-185
Author(s):  
Jenny Bellini
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Uk ◽  
On Farm

The UK dairy industry has embraced the principles of prescribing and using antimicrobials responsibly, with great advances made over the past few years. There has been a collaborative industry approach to reduce and refine antimicrobial use on farm, with a series of case studies presented below demonstrating how farms have made huge changes to their antimicrobial use, with no compromise to herd health and welfare. With the publication of the latest Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture (RUMA) targets 2021–2024, there is undoubtedly still work that can be done as an industry. Harnessing and utilising antimicrobial sales and on-farm data will be crucial to motivate further change on farm.

scholarly journals Stable Interaction Of The UK B.1.1.7 lineage SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike N501Y Mutant With ACE2 Revealed By Molecular Dynamics Simulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesam Ahmed ◽  
Angelin M Phillip ◽  
Kabir H Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Competitive Fitness ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
The Uk

COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has caused a massive health crisis across the world, and genetic variants such as the D614G gaining enhanced infectivity and competitive fitness have significantly aggravated the global concern. In this regard, the latest SARS-CoV-2 variant, B.1.1.7 lineage, reported from the United Kingdom (UK) is of great significance, in that it contains several mutations that increases its infection and transmission rates as evidenced by the increased number of clinical reports. Specifically, the N501Y mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) domain has been shown to possess increased affinity for ACE2, although the basis for this not yet clear. Here, we dissect the mechanism underlying the increased affinity using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the available ACE2-S1-RBD complex structure (6M0J) and show a prolonged and stable interaction of the Y501 residue in the N501Y mutant S1-RBD with interfacial residues, Y41 and K353, in ACE2 as compared to the wild type S1-RBD. Additionally, we find that the N501Y mutant S1-RBD displays altered dynamics that likely aids in its enhanced interaction with ACE2. By elucidating a mechanistic basis for the increased affinity of the N501Y mutation in S1-RBD for ACE2, we believe that the results presented here will aid in developing therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 including designing drugs targeting the ACE2-S1-RBD interaction.

Predictive Validity of Variables used to Select Students for Postgraduate Management Courses

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (3_part_2) ◽  
pp. 1239-1247
Author(s):  
John Lane ◽  
Andrew M. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ability Tests ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

The present study set in the United Kingdom examined the predictive validity of variables used to select graduate students into postgraduate management programs at a UK business school. 303 postgraduate students completed a cognitive ability test (MD5, Mental Ability Test), a questionnaire to assess perceptions of self-efficacy to succeed on the program, and reported their performance on their first (undergraduate) degree. Students completed these measures at the start of the programs. Each program comprised 12 modules, which all students were required to complete successfully. Students’ performance was measured by the average grade obtained over the 12 modules. Multiple regression indicated that only 22% of the variance (Adjusted R2 = .22, p < .001) in students’ performance was predicted significantly by cognitive ability scores. Results show that neither performance on first degree nor scores for self-efficacy showed a significant relationship to the criterion measure. Findings from the present study suggest that in the UK, the use of cognitive ability tests may play a significant role in the selection of students into postgraduate programs. Nonsignificant self-efficacy and performance relationships are ascribed to unclear knowledge of the demands of the program. We suggest that there is need for further research to examine factors related to performance.

scholarly journals Coronavirus legislative responses in the UK: regression to panic and disdain of constitutionalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Rebecca Moosavian ◽  
Clive Walker ◽  
Andrew Blick
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Health Control ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

The United Kingdom has considerable prowess in handling emergencies, not just in counterterrorism but also in a wide range of other real or imagined disasters, including public health risks. Core legislation has been installed, including the all-encompassing Civil Contingencies Act (CCA) 2004 and the more specialist Public Health (Control of Disease) Act (PHA) 1984. Despite these finely honed models, the UK state regressed to panic mode when faced with the COVID-19 pandemic. Rather than turning to the laws already in place, Parliament fast-tracked the Coronavirus Act 2020, with scant debate of its shabbily drafted contents. In addition, the UK Government has relied heavily, with minimal scrutiny, on regulations under the PHA 1984. The article analyses the competing legal codes and how they have been deployed to deal with COVID-19. It then draws out the strengths and weaknesses of the choices in terms of the key themes of: the choice of sectoral versus general emergency legislation; levels of oversight and accountability; effectiveness; and the protection of individual rights. Following this survey, it will be suggested that the selection of legal instruments and the design of their contents has been ill-judged. In short, the emergency code which is the most suitably engineered for the purpose, the CCA 2004, has been the least used for reasons which should not be tolerated.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Students in the Selection of Country for Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis of International Students in Germany and the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10065
Author(s):  
Jawad Abbas ◽  
Uthman Alturki ◽  
Misbah Habib ◽  
Ahmed Aldraiweesh ◽  
Waleed Mugahed Al-Rahmi
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
International Students ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Education Market ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Qualitative Phase ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

Based on the internationalization of higher education in the current global highly competitive education market, the current study aims to explore the factors affecting students in the selection of the country to continue their higher education. Following the mixed-method approach, the researchers collected data from international students studying in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK). The qualitative phase identified six themes: academic, social, personal, financial, career, and marketing as the highly influential elements in students’ choice to study abroad. Empirical analyses indicate that students in both countries consider academic reputation as a dominant theme in the selection of country for HEI. However, noteworthy differences were identified in the subsequent themes. Moreover, international students in Germany were found more satisfied with their choice of the country as compared to the students in the UK. This study provides valuable insights to the academic policymakers in the host and home countries concerning factors that pull and push students to study abroad. It also proposes recommendations to counter the brain drain element.

Cyber Capabilities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Boulanin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter investigates the development of industrial and technological capabilities for cyber defence in Europe up to 2016. It assesses (a) the relevant policies, as well as (b) the institutional and (c) the industrial and technologies resources of Western Europe’s major powers (France, Germany, and the United Kingdom), and then of a selection of representative examples of medium and lesser powers (Italy, Spain, and Sweden).’ It establishes that since the mid-2000s developing cyber-security and cyber-defence capabilities emerged as a top priority for all the European powers examined. The most important efforts were from Europe’s largest military powers, France and the UK, which both showcase a firm intention to belong to the circle of leading powers in cyberspace. The efficacy of these efforts is hard to judge, given the absence of greater transparency and the nature of the cyber risks and threats.

scholarly journals Does gonorrhoea screening intensity play a role in the early selection of antimicrobial resistance in men who have sex with men (MSM)? A comparative study of Belgium and the United Kingdom

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Kenyon ◽  
Irith De Baetselier ◽  
Tania Crucitti
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

Background: It is unclear why antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States has tended to first appear in men who have sex with men (MSM). We hypothesize that increased exposure to antimicrobials from intensive STI screening programmes plays a role. Methods: We assess if there is a difference in the distribution of azithromycin, cefixime and ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between MSM and women in the United Kingdom (UK) where 70% of MSM report STI screening in the past year vs. Belgium where 9% report STI screening in the past year. Our hypothesis is that MICs of the MSM should be higher than those of the women in the UK but not Belgium. Data for the MICs were taken from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in the UK in 2010/2011 and 2014 and a similar national surveillance programme in Belgium in 2013/2014 (the first most complete available data). We used the Mann–Whitney test to compare the MIC distributions between MSM and women within each country Results: In the UK the MICs for all three antimicrobials were significantly higher in MSM than women at both time points (P all <0.0005). In Belgium only the MIC distribution for azithromycin was higher in MSM (P<0.0005). Conclusion: The findings for cefixime and ceftriaxone, but not azithromycin are compatible with our hypothesis that screening-intensity could contribute to the emergence of AMR. Numerous other interpretations of our results are discussed.

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