scholarly journals Implications of antibiotics use during the COVID-19 pandemic: present and future

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 3413-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Miranda ◽  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Rosa Capita ◽  
Carlos Alonso-Calleja ◽  
Gilberto Igrejas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Severe Respiratory Infection ◽  
Health Policymaking

Abstract COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has infected more than 4 million people with 278 892 deaths worldwide as of 11 May 2020. This disease, which can manifest as a severe respiratory infection, has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern and is being treated with a variety of antivirals, antibiotics and antifungals. This article highlights the administration of antimicrobials in COVID-19 patients worldwide, during the 2019–20 pandemic. It is imperative to be aware of the unreported amounts of antibiotics that have been administered worldwide in just a few months and a marked increase in antimicrobial resistance should therefore be expected. Due to the lack of data about antimicrobial use during this pandemic, the global impact on the emergence of new antimicrobial resistance is as yet unknown. This issue must be at the forefront of public health policymaking and planning in order that we are prepared for the potentially severe consequences for human and animal health and the environment.

scholarly journals Travellers give wings to novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E Wilson ◽  
Lin H Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Severe Respiratory Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

A novel coronavirus, probably of bat origin, has caused an outbreak of severe respiratory infection in humans in Wuhan, China and has been dispersed globally by travelers. The WHO has declared the spread of the infection a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

scholarly journals Lessons learned from COVID-19 outbreaks profile in combination with pathology, diagnosis, treatment and vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 03069
Author(s):  
Ruizhe Liu ◽  
Enqi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Health It ◽  
Severe Respiratory Infection

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which may lead to severe respiratory infection. Since December 2019, the first COVID-19 case was detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The virus has been spread worldwide, and many countries are still struggling with disease control. Therefore, this revision would provide experience accumulated and the lessons learned by China in the pandemic. The current work reviewed the basic information about COVID-19 in the aspects of pathology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and the major pandemic outbreaks in China. By summarizing and analyzing the measurements taken by the Chinese government and their corresponding outcomes on public health, it determined the progress made on the policies and their efficiency in the control of pandemics. With the sharing of these lessons, other countries can learn from establishing the COVID-19 surveillance system in China that would support their struggle on domestic public health.

scholarly journals CoVID-19: a Digestive Disease!

2020 ◽  
pp. 714-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younes Cherradi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Digestive Disease ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Digestive Endoscopy ◽  
First Case ◽  
Multiple Levels

CoVID-19 is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since the first case has been reported in Wuhan in China, evidence of associated severe acute respiratory syndrome is well established and the disease is accepted as a primarily respiratory infection. However, current available data are supporting a gastrointestinal tropism with great implications at multiple levels in the course of this disease. The gastrointestinal tract appears in the heart of the strategy for management of infected patients from diagnosis to post-recovery isolation policies. This review highlights the digestive aspects of CoVID-19. Keywords: ACE2, CoVID-19, Digestive, Endoscopy, Fecal transmission, Liver, Prognosis

scholarly journals Humans, Animals, Food and Environment: One Health Approach against Global Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Marcello Iriti ◽  
Sara Vitalini ◽  
Elena Maria Varoni
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
The One

Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the most relevant threats to global public health and food security, affecting anyone, of any age, in any country and is responsible for longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality. Resistant microorganisms are present in humans, animals, food and the environment, and, therefore, the One Health approach is very promising to counteract antimicrobial resistance, since human health and animal health are connected to each other and with the environment and the latter a potential source of resistant microorganisms. In this context, the need for novel antimicrobial drugs has stimulated the exploration of plant products as a source of novel phytotherapeutics able to reverse antimicrobial resistance when used in combination with conventional antibiotic drugs.

scholarly journals Overview of Evidence of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houda Bennani ◽  
Ana Mateus ◽  
Nicholas Mays ◽  
Elizabeth Eastmure ◽  
Katharina D. C. Stärk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Global Health Problem

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. Bacteria carrying resistance genes can be transmitted between humans, animals and the environment. There are concerns that the widespread use of antimicrobials in the food chain constitutes an important source of AMR in humans, but the extent of this transmission is not well understood. The aim of this review is to examine published evidence on the links between antimicrobial use (AMU) in the food chain and AMR in people and animals. The evidence showed a link between AMU in animals and the occurrence of resistance in these animals. However, evidence of the benefits of a reduction in AMU in animals on the prevalence of resistant bacteria in humans is scarce. The presence of resistant bacteria is documented in the human food supply chain, which presents a potential exposure route and risk to public health. Microbial genome sequencing has enabled the establishment of some links between the presence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals but, for some antimicrobials, no link could be established. Research and monitoring of AMU and AMR in an integrated manner is essential for a better understanding of the biology and the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial Resistance is a Global Problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
A.G. Salmanov ◽  
V.V. Trokhymchuk ◽  
O.M. Verner ◽  
O.O. Lugach
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
The Public ◽  
Treatment Action

Infectious agents resistance to antimicrobials remains a challenging open problem of health care around the world. As a result, treatment-induced infections pose a serious threat to public health in general. This problem has become so important that the overwhelming majority of countries consider it a threat to the national security. Resistance to antimicrobials threatens to offset the very fundamentals of modern medicine and the sustainability of the public health system effective global response to a permanent infectious diseases threat. Today, antimicrobial resistance issues can be tackled provided that one implements an effective One Health approach (the principle of human and animal health interrelation), assuming that there is a coordination between different sectors and subjects, including experts in medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, ecology, and well-informed consumers. To ensure effectiveness of treatment, action is urgently needed to counteract the further development and spread of antibiotic resistance, which is driven by antibiotic use in all sectors. Since this resistance has no ecological, sectoral or geographical borders, its appearance in one sector affects resistance in other sectors. National authorities, veterinarians, physicians, patients and farmers all have key roles in preserving the power of antibiotics. The prevention and containment of antibiotic resistance therefore requires addressing all risk factors for the development and spread of antibiotic resistance across the full spectrum of conditions, sectors, settings (from health care to use in food-animal production) and countries. This article explores the options for prevention and containment of antibiotic resistance in the food-chain through national coordination, including the regulation and reduction of antibiotic use in food animals, training and capacity building, surveillance of resistance trends and antibiotic usage, promotion of knowledge and research, and advocacy and communication to raise awareness of the issues. The article suggests possible ways for adopting a holistic, intersectoral, multifaceted approach to this growing problem.

Epidemiology and Molecular Basis of Multidrug Resistance in Rhodococcus equi

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonsiray Álvarez-Narváez ◽  
Laura Huber ◽  
Steeve Giguère ◽  
Kelsey A. Hart ◽  
Roy D. Berghaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Rhodococcus Equi ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Breeding Farms

SUMMARY The development and spread of antimicrobial resistance are major concerns for human and animal health. The effects of the overuse of antimicrobials in domestic animals on the dissemination of resistant microbes to humans and the environment are of concern worldwide. Rhodococcus equi is an ideal model to illustrate the spread of antimicrobial resistance at the animal-human-environment interface because it is a natural soil saprophyte that is an intracellular zoonotic pathogen that produces severe bronchopneumonia in many animal species and humans. Globally, R. equi is most often recognized as causing severe pneumonia in foals that results in animal suffering and increased production costs for the many horse-breeding farms where the disease occurs. Because highly effective preventive measures for R. equi are lacking, thoracic ultrasonographic screening and antimicrobial chemotherapy of subclinically affected foals have been used for controlling this disease during the last 20 years. The resultant increase in antimicrobial use attributable to this “screen-and-treat” approach at farms where the disease is endemic has likely driven the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi in foals and their environment. This review summarizes the factors that contributed to the development and spread of MDR R. equi, the molecular epidemiology of the emergence of MDR R. equi, the repercussions of MDR R. equi for veterinary and human medicine, and measures that might mitigate antimicrobial resistance at horse-breeding farms, such as alternative treatments to traditional antibiotics. Knowledge of the emergence and spread of MDR R. equi is of broad importance for understanding how antimicrobial use in domestic animals can impact the health of animals, their environment, and human beings.

scholarly journals 2019 Survey of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Stewardship Practices in Adult Cows on California Dairies: Post Senate Bill 27

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Essam M. Abdelfattah ◽  
Pius S. Ekong ◽  
Emmanuel Okello ◽  
Deniece R. Williams ◽  
Betsy M. Karle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Senate Bill ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Survey Responses

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in animals can contribute to the emergence of AMR. In January 2018, California (CA) implemented legislation (Senate Bill 27; SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for medically important AMD use in food animals. The objective of our survey was to characterize AMD use, health management, and AMD stewardship practices of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of SB 27. In 2019, we mailed a questionnaire to 1282 California dairies. We received a total of 131 (10.2%) survey responses from 19 counties in CA. Our results showed that 45.6% of respondents included a veterinarian in their decision on which injectable AMD to purchase. Additionally, 48.8% of dairy producers included a veterinarian in their decision on which AMDs were used to treat sick cows. The majority (96.8%) of dairy producers were aware that all uses of medically important AMDs require a prescription. Approximately 49% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that AMD use in livestock does not cause problems in humans. The survey documents antimicrobial use and stewardship practices in CA’s dairy industry and focus areas for future research and education.

scholarly journals Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data—Part II, Application

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1491
Author(s):  
Agnes Agunos ◽  
Sheryl P. Gow ◽  
Anne E. Deckert ◽  
David F. Léger
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
The Impact

Using the methodology developed for integrated analysis and reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data, farm-level surveillance data were synthesized and integrated to assess trends and explore potential AMU and AMR associations. Data from broiler chicken flocks (n = 656), grower–finisher pig herds (n = 462) and turkey flocks (n = 339) surveyed by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) at the farm-level (2015–2019) were used. The analyses showed a reduction in mean flock/herd level number of defined daily doses using Canadian standards (nDDDvetCA) adjusted for kg animal biomass that coincided with the decline in % resistance in the three species. This was noted in most AMU-AMR pairs studied except for ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter where resistance continued to be detected (moderate to high levels) despite limited fluoroquinolone use. Noteworthy was the significantly negative association between the nDDDvetCA/kg animal biomass and susceptible Escherichia coli (multispecies data), an early indication that AMU stewardship actions are having an impact. However, an increase in the reporting of diseases in recent years was observed. This study highlighted the value of collecting high-resolution AMU surveillance data with animal health context at the farm-level to understand AMR trends, enable data integration and measure the impact of AMU stewardship actions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document