Reactivity of the solid sodium carbonate towards the gaseous hydrogen chloride and the sulphur dioxide

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 3500-3507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Mocek ◽  
Erich Lippert ◽  
Emerich Erdös
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate ◽  
A Value ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Inactive Form

The rate of reaction of the anhydrous sodium carbonate with the hydrogen chloride and its mixture with sulphur dioxide was measured in an integral fixed-bed reactor. Reactivity of the active sodium carbonate towards the hydrogen chloride is lower as compared with its reactivity towards the sulphur dioxide. A relationship was found between the reactivity of the solid and the way of its preparation. The inactive form of the sodium carbonate is inactive towards both the sulphur dioxide and the hydrogen chloride. The active form of the sodium carbonate exhibits towards the hydrogen chloride a reactivity which is by orders of magnitude higher than that of the inactive form. The variation of the ratio of partial pressures of the hydrogen chloride and the sulphur dioxide in the reaction with the sodium carbonate does not affect significantly the total degree of the solid conversion, which attained a value of 65% in laboratory experiments. The degree of gas purification from the acid components did not fall under a value of 99% up to a solid conversion of about 50% at a mean gas contact time of about 10-2 s.

Contribution to the study of the reaction between solid sodium carbonate and gaseous sulphur dioxide

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 2281-2288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Vobiš ◽  
Karel Mocek ◽  
Emerich Erdös
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Reaction ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Effective Rate Constant ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
True Rate ◽  
Partial Pressures

The heterogeneous reaction between solid sodium carbonate and gaseous sulphur dioxide of partial pressures from 1.2 to 7.5 kPa has been investigated in a fixed-bed reactor at temperatures of 54 and 81 °C in the presence of water vapour of partial pressures from 0.30 to 1.25 kPa. An independence of the reaction course of the sulphur dioxide content in the gas phase and a linear dependence of the reaction rate on the partial pressure of water vapour were found under the above conditions. The rate equation derived previously has been simplified and the set of differential equations describing the reaction in a fixed bed has been solved. The relations obtained have been applied to an evaluation of the effective rate constant. The true rate constant has been estimated to be independent of temperature.

Reaction of Hydrogen Chloride Gas with Sodium Carbonate and Its Deep Removal in a Fixed-Bed Reactor

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (49) ◽  
pp. 19145-19158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Hartman ◽  
Karel Svoboda ◽  
Michael Pohořelý ◽  
Michal Šyc ◽  
Siarhei Skoblia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor

The Adsorption and Desorption Breakthrough Behavior of Hydrogen Chloride Gas Mixture on Zeolite 13X Pellet in a Fixed Bed Reactor

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Young Kim ◽  
Dae-Hyun Kyung ◽  
Young Cheol Park ◽  
Sung-Ho Jo ◽  
Ho-Jung Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Zeolite 13X

Synthesis and Modification of Zeolite ZSM-5 Catalyst with Solutions of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) for Methanol to Gasoline Conversion

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Kianfar ◽  
Mahmoud Salimi ◽  
Vahid Pirouzfar ◽  
Behnam Koohestani
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Structure And Morphology ◽  
Methanol To Gasoline ◽  
Molar Solution ◽  
Ft Ir

Abstract In this article, the ZSM-5 catalyst was used as the base catalyst and its structure was modified for conducting Methanol to Gasoline reactions. ZSM-5 catalyst reacts to the solutions with diverse concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and consequently, some changes were applied to its internal structure. Thus, Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) process was carried out under pressure of 1 atm, the temperature of 400°C, and specific surface area of 300 m2g-1 on synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst by a fixed-bed reactor. Structure and morphology of the synthesized catalyst were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XRF and BET analyses. The effect of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions used for catalyst modification on the distribution of hydrocarbon products were studied and compared to ZSM-5 catalyst. The result of catalyst activity evaluation tests shows that the modified catalyst with a 0.1 molar solution of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 provides the highest selectivity and efficiency compared to the hydrocarbons in boiling point range of C6+ gasoline.

Recovery of Chlorine from Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Virendra Reddy ◽  
Vijaya Lakshmi Cheedipudi ◽  
Satyavathi Bankupalli ◽  
Viswanath Kotra
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Copper Chloride ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Titanium Chloride ◽  
Disposal Problem

Chlorine and hydrogen chloride are classified as potentially hazardous and toxic chemicals. Large-scale industrial processes worldwide use chlorine as primary raw material from which hydrogen chloride is obtained as a major byproduct. Hydrogen chloride is sold as aqueous HCl or used as a raw material for the production of chlorinated products, but the quantity of HCl produced by chlorine processes is much more than what the market can absorb, resulting in a toxic waste disposal problem. Recovery of material chlorine from this hydrogen chloride is very important and is of utmost industrial interest as it would cut down on the production of chlorine at the same time solve the waste disposal problem. It is theoretically possible to convert hydrogen chloride to chlorine for the recycling and reuse of chlorine. In this paper we have developed a process for recovery of chlorine from anhydrous hydrogen chloride obtained as a byproduct during low temperature vapor phase hydrolysis of titanium chloride to get TiO2. It is a two-stage process where chlorination is carried out in a fixed bed reactor using copper oxide catalyst at a temperature in the range of 423-523 K followed by oxidation of copper chloride catalyst in a second fixed bed reactor operating at 573-653 K. This process operates under conditions in which the catalyst does not volatilize and in which the activity of the catalyst remains stable. Operation at relatively moderate temperature prevents corrosion and minimizes the extrinsic energy input required. The chlorine recovery process makes the new generation chloride process for synthesis of TiO2 economical.

Effects of the Gas Phase Composition and Genesis of the Active Sodium Carbonate on Its Reactivity Towards Gaseous Mixture SO2 + NOx

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391
Author(s):  
Květoslava Stejskalová ◽  
Pavel Bach ◽  
Erich Lippert ◽  
Karel Mocek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gaseous Mixture ◽  
Solid Substance ◽  
Integral Conditions ◽  
Active Sodium ◽  
Partial Pressures

The reactivity of the solid active sodium carbonate towards gaseous mixture SO2 + NOx has been measured in the dependence on oxygen and carbon dioxide contents and on genesis of the solid substance. The fixed bed flow reactor working under integral conditions has been used. It was found that the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 1st generation towards gaseous mixture SO2 + NOx is higher than the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 2nd generation. In the temperature range of 130-180 °C the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide have no decisive influence on the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 1st generation.

scholarly journals Tea Garden Lateritic Soil as a High-Temperature Desulfurization Sorbent: Effect of Oxygen on Regeneration Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Hsing Ko ◽  
Chen-Yao Chu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gaseous Mixture ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Regeneration Process ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Lateritic Soils ◽  
Regeneration Time ◽  
A Value ◽  
Tea Garden

The lateritic soils collected from a tea garden were used to explore the regeneration process using different O2 contents for high-temperature desulfurization. The desulfurization and regeneration experiments were carried out using a fixed-bed reactor at 500°C and the gaseous mixture composed of 1% H2S, 25% CO, 15% H2, and balance N2 for the desulfurization process. Experimental results showed that the regenerability is better when the air was used as a regeneration gas and the regeneration time is shortened. Multiple regeneration experiments indicated that lateritic soils can be regenerated by passing air and can thus be reused many times and its regeneration efficiency is slightly better than that regenerated by 1% O2. The sulfur capacity after air desulfurization/regeneration cycles was examined by elemental analysis with a value ranging from 1.40% to 1.49%, and residual sulfur was detected with a value of 0.12% after the diluted 1% O2 regeneration. No sulfur was detected for the regenerated lateritic soil after air regeneration. From NMR structural identification, the 6-coordinated octahedral structure of Al and trioctahedral coordinated Si are the major Al-containing and Si-containing compounds. Broad shoulder peaks were detected after regeneration process that may be associated with the formation of aluminosilicate and further reduces the dispersion of iron on the surface of lateritic soils.

scholarly journals APLIKASI ELEKTROKOAGULASI DALAM PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Hanum ◽  
Rondang Tambun ◽  
M. Yusuf Ritonga ◽  
William Wardhana Kasim
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
A Value ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Processed Waste

The production of crude palm oil (CPO) in Indonesia is keep increasing that make the amount of wastewater generated. Technology of anaerobic fixed bed (RANUT) have been developed, but the characteristic of the wastewater effluent of RANUT has not meet the quality standard that required by the goverment especially for COD. Because of that need to make a furhter research about the treatment of palm oil mill from the fixed bed reactor (RANUT) with electrocoagulation technique. Electrocoagulation is a process of coagulation by using a direct current through an electrochemical events are symptoms of electrolyte decomposition. This study aims to determine the effect of voltage on the adapter parameters on the performance of the electrocoagulation system and determine the best time for treatment of palm oil mill effluent. Type of electrode material used is aluminum, waste retention time 1 hour, 5 cm distance between the electrodes, a strong current of 5 amperes, voltage variations adapter 3, 4, and 5 volts. The results showed that the best results are obtained at a voltage of 5 volts for COD removal 81.32% with a value 233.5 mg/l at 180 minutes of processing time, it indicates that the processed waste has met quality standards for mill effluent COD is 350 mg/l. The highest turbidity removal percentage is obtained at a voltage of 5 volts and at a time of 180 minutes with the acquisition of 95.08%.

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