An estimate of limiting values of relative volatility with help of the theorem of corresponding states. I. Theoretical considerations

1963 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1763-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Boublík
Keyword(s):  
Corresponding States ◽  
Relative Volatility ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Limiting Values

scholarly journals The feasibility of implementation of ultrasound equipment standards set by United Kingdom professional bodies

Ultrasound ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Dudley ◽  
Debbie Harries ◽  
Jessica Wardle
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Automated Methods ◽  
Limiting Values ◽  
Trial Implementation

Introduction The Royal College of Radiologists and the Society and College of Radiographers in the United Kingdom published ‘Standards for the provision of an ultrasound service’, including application-specific limiting values for resolution and penetration. No measurement methods were detailed. We aimed to explore a possible theoretical basis for the standards and to develop a measurement protocol. Methods Since application-specific standards fail to account for probes of different frequencies used for similar applications and no evidence for the standards was provided, we developed generic standards based on theoretical considerations. In a trial implementation of the published standards, automated measurements were made on four recently purchased scanners with a total of eight probes, results being assessed against the standards. Measurements were made on 15 modern probes and used to develop our generic standards. Results Automated measurements showed less inter- and intra-observer variability than manual/visual measurements. Four new ultrasound scanners with a total of eight probes all failed to meet the published axial and lateral resolution standards; three failed to meet the penetration standard. Our generic standards were tested on 15 probes, four probes failing to meet the revised standards. Conclusions Automated methods are essential for measurements against standards. New generic standards with a theoretical basis have been proposed. Further work is required to refine standards and methods and to determine the appropriate contributions of objective and subjective equipment selection methods.

The Biological Clock and Sleep in the Elderly

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Juda ◽  
Mirjam Münch ◽  
Anna Wirz-Justice ◽  
Martha Merrow ◽  
Till Roenneberg
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Sleep Difficulties ◽  
Circadian Biology

Abstract: Among many other changes, older age is characterized by advanced sleep-wake cycles, changes in the amplitude of various circadian rhythms, as well as reduced entrainment to zeitgebers. These features reveal themselves through early morning awakenings, sleep difficulties at night, and a re-emergence of daytime napping. This review summarizes the observations concerning the biological clock and sleep in the elderly and discusses the documented and theoretical considerations behind these age-related behavioral changes, especially with respect to circadian biology.

Imprecision of Laboratory Determinations and Diagnostic Accuracy: Theoretical Considerations

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. B. Lindbebo ◽  
Fr. R. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Made In

Recent studies suggest the determinations of clinical laboratories must be made more precise than at present. This paper presents a means of examining benefits of improvement in precision. To do this we use a mathematical model of the effect upon the diagnostic process of imprecision in measurements and the influence upon these two of Importance of Diagnosis and Prevalence of Disease. The interaction of these effects is grossly non-linear. There is therefore no proper intuitive answer to questions involving these matters. The effects can always, however, be calculated.Including a great many assumptions the modeling suggests that improvements in precision of any determination ought probably to be made in hospital rather than screening laboratories, unless Importance of Diagnosis is extremely high.

The Estimation of the Number of Binding Sites for Antibody on Antigen Molecules with Reference to Factor VIII and its Antibody

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 274-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Pool ◽  
Rosemary Biggs ◽  
R. G Miller
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Rabbit Antibody ◽  
Number Of Binding Sites ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

SummaryThe theoretical basis for determining the number of antibody sites on antigen molecules is examined. The theoretical considerations are applied to factor VIII molecules. Examples based on data available at the Oxford Haemophilia Centre are calculated to illustrate the approach. It is concluded that there are few sites on each factor VIII molecule for human antibody. The three antibodies for which reasonable data were available suggest 1–3 sites for human antibody. The data for rabbit antibody suggest 5–6 sites per factor VIII molecule.

The age of symbolic economic policies?

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-265
Author(s):  
Peter Galbács
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Macroeconomic Environment

This paper offers a few remarks on the so-called heterodoxy commentaries of recent times (e.g. Bod 2013, Csaba 2011). In accordance with the growing popularity of unusual economic policy actions, a set of “tools” is emerging that aims to exert its effects breaking with instrumental actions. Outlining a special framework of the history of mainstream economics, it will be argued that economic policy only gradually has become capable of applying this system. In our view, both the emergence of symbolic economic policies mentioned above and the rise of heterodoxy are on the same level, since certain governments can only operate through giving signals. Although it is not the time to formulate ultimate and eternal generalised statements, it may perhaps be stated that symbolic economic policies can make some room for manoeuvring available as a last resort. In other words, the possibility of a certain kind of economic policy “tools” can be derived from theoretical considerations, and this set has become highlighted recently by some constraining changes in the macroeconomic environment. Our theoretical framework will be filled sporadically with some episodes from the last few years of the economic policy of Hungary.

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