Pulse Repetition Frequency Effects In A High Average Power X-Ray Preionised Excimer Laser

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fontaine ◽  
B. Forestier ◽  
Ph. Delaporte ◽  
P. Canarelli
Keyword(s):  
Excimer Laser ◽  
Pulse Repetition Frequency ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Repetition Frequency ◽  
Pulse Repetition ◽  
High Average Power ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
X Ray

PHASE CONJUGATED LASERS APPLIED TO X-RAY GENERATION

1994 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. HACKEL ◽  
C.B. DANE ◽  
L.E. ZAPATA ◽  
M.R. HERMANN
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Repetition Frequency ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
High Average Power ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Projection Lithography ◽  
Laser Driver ◽  
Laser Systems ◽  
Frequency Laser ◽  
Ray Projection

Three laser systems that are being developed for use in X-ray generation which incorporate SBS phase conjugate mirrors are described. A 25 J/pulse Nd:glass laser is being developed for commercial proximity print X-ray lithography; a 0.5 J/pulse, 1.3 kHz pulse repetition frequency laser is being built for soft X-ray projection lithography; and a 1 kJ/pulse laser driver for a table top X-ray laser has been designed. The results of prototypical experimental investigations are presented and the basic design principles for high average power phase conjugated laser systems shared by each of these lasers are discussed.

Toward a high-average-power and debris-free soft x-ray source for microlithography pumped by a long-pulse excimer laser

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bollanti ◽  
Paolo Di Lazzaro ◽  
Francesco Flora ◽  
Tommaso Letardi ◽  
Alessandro Marinai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Excimer Laser ◽  
Average Power ◽  
High Average Power ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pulse Excimer Laser ◽  
Long Pulse

scholarly journals Effects of Non-thermal Ultrasound on a Fibroblast Monolayer Culture: Influence of Pulse Number and Pulse Repetition Frequency

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5040
Author(s):  
Silvia Ronda Peñacoba ◽  
Mar Fernández Gutiérrez ◽  
Julio San Román del Barrio ◽  
Francisco Montero de Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Short Pulse ◽  
Pulse Repetition Frequency ◽  
Pulse Number ◽  
Repetition Frequency ◽  
Pulse Repetition ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Culture Plate ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Long Pulse

Despite the use of therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of soft tissue pathologies, there remains some controversy regarding its efficacy. In order to develop new treatment protocols, it is a common practice to carry out in vitro studies in cell cultures before conducting animal tests. The lack of reproducibility of the experimental results observed in the literature concerning in vitro experiments motivated us to establish a methodology for characterizing the acoustic field in culture plate wells. In this work, such acoustic fields are fully characterized in a real experimental configuration, with the transducer being placed in contact with the surface of a standard 12-well culture plate. To study the non-thermal effects of ultrasound on fibroblasts, two different treatment protocols are proposed: long pulse (200 cycles) signals, which give rise to a standing wave in the well with the presence of cavitation (ISPTP max = 19.25 W/cm2), and a short pulse (five cycles) of high acoustic pressure, which produces a number of echoes in the cavity (ISPTP = 33.1 W/cm2, with Pmax = 1.01 MPa). The influence of the acoustic intensity, the number of pulses, and the pulse repetition frequency was studied. We further analyzed the correlation of these acoustic parameters with cell viability, population, occupied surface, and cell morphology. Lytic effects when cavitation was present, as well as mechanotransduction reactions, were observed.

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