Aqueous and solvent developed negative-tone molecular resists

Information-Seeking on the Internet

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000307 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 211-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vinod Singaravelu ◽

Anne Stewart ◽

Joanna Adams ◽

Sue Simkin ◽

Keith Hawton

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Young People ◽

Information Seeking ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

The Internet ◽

Search Terms ◽

Specific Advice ◽

Restriction Sites ◽

Self Harm ◽

Negative Tone

Abstract. Background: The Internet is used by young people at risk of self-harm to communicate, find information, and obtain support. Aims: We aimed to identify and analyze websites potentially accessed by these young people. Method: Six search terms, relating to self-harm/suicide and depression, were input into four search engines. Websites were analyzed for access, content/purpose, and tone. Results: In all, 314 websites were included in the analysis. Most could be accessed without restriction. Sites accessed by self-harm/suicide search terms were mostly positive or preventive in tone, whereas sites accessed by the term ways to kill yourself tended to have a negative tone. Information about self-harm methods was common with specific advice on how to self-harm in 15.8% of sites, encouragement of self-harm in 7.0%, and evocative images of self-harm/suicide in 20.7%. Advice on how to get help was given in 56.1% of sites. Conclusion: Websites relating to suicide or self-harm are easily accessed. Many sites are potentially helpful. However, a significant proportion of sites are potentially harmful through normalizing or encouraging self-harm. Enquiry regarding Internet use should be routinely included while assessing young people at risk.

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Media Malaise and the Decline of Legitimacy

10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Van Aelst

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Media Coverage ◽

News Coverage ◽

Political Support ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Political News ◽

Negative Tone ◽

Election News ◽

Over Time

This chapter analyzes media malaise theories and their consequences for legitimacy. These theories argue that the increasing availability of information through new and old media and increasingly negative tone of media are to blame for declining legitimacy. The chapter examines these claims by providing a systematic review of empirical research on media and political support. It first investigates whether news coverage has become more negative over time, and then examines the micro process that might explain the link between media coverage and political support. Empirical evidence suggests that where coverage has become more negative, this occurred before the 1990s and has levelled off since, and is concentrated primarily in election news. Negative political news does have a modest impact on political support once controlled for level of education, but that effect can be positive and negative, depending on the medium, the receiver, and the indicator of political support.

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Methods of controlling cross-linking in negative-tone resists

10.1117/12.2046616 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Richard A. Lawson ◽

Jun Sung Chun ◽

Mark Neisser ◽

Laren M. Tolbert ◽

Clifford L. Henderson

Keyword(s):

Cross Linking ◽

Negative Tone

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Systematic Studies of Fullerene Derivative Electron Beam Resists

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-584-115 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 584 ◽

Author(s):

A. P. G. Robinson ◽

R. E. Palmer ◽

T. Tada ◽

T. Kanayama ◽

E. J. Shelley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Dissolution Rate ◽

Organic Solvents ◽

Spin Coating ◽

Electron Beam Irradiation ◽

Fullerene Derivative ◽

Silicon Substrates ◽

Beam Irradiation ◽

Negative Tone ◽

20 Nm

AbstractWe report systematic studies of the response of C60 derivatives to electron beam irradiation. Films of fourteen different mono, tris and tetra adduct methanofullerene C60 derivatives were produced by spin coating on hydrogen terminated silicon substrates. Exposure of the films to a 20 keV electron beam substantially altered the dissolution rate of the derivative films in organic solvents such as monochlorobenzene. All of the derivatives exhibited negative tone resist behaviour with sensitivities between ∼ 8.5 × 10-4 and ∼ 4 × 10-3 C/cm2 107, much higher than that of C60. Features with widths of ∼ 20 nm were produced using these compounds, and the etch ratios of the compounds were found to be more than twice those of a standard novolac based resist (SAL601).

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