Upper Body Kinematics of Relaxed Volunteers, Braced Volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Beeman ◽  
Andrew R. Kemper ◽  
Michael L. Madigan ◽  
Stefan M. Duma
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Automobile Safety ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Human occupant responses in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are commonly predicted and evaluated in a laboratory using surrogates including human volunteers, anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), and post mortem human surrogates (PMHSs) [1]. The ultimate goal of these surrogates is to demonstrate a similar response to humans in MVCs that can be used to evaluate human tolerance and enhance vehicle design and safety. The distinguishing attribute of human volunteers that non-human surrogates do not currently possess is the combination of identical human anthropometry, anatomy, and physiologic response of the target population, including resting muscle tone and active bracing capabilities. All human volunteer laboratory testing must be performed at sub-injurious levels due to ethical constraints, while non-human surrogates can be used to examine injurious or traumatic events. Given the capabilities and shortcomings of each surrogate in automobile safety research, performing matched tests with these surrogates can aid in the understanding of the biomechanical response of humans in an impact environment, leading to improvements in ATD design and increased efficacy of safety devices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate volunteer, ATD, and PMHS occupant kinematic responses in matched low-speed frontal sled tests.

Kinetic and Kinematic Responses of the RID2a, Hybrid III and Human Volunteers in Low-Speed Rear-End Collisions

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunter P. Siegmund ◽  
Bradley E. Heinrichs ◽  
Jonathan M. Lawrence ◽  
Mat M.G.M. Philippens
Keyword(s):  
Low Speed ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests: Human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 128-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Beeman ◽  
Andrew R. Kemper ◽  
Michael L. Madigan ◽  
Christopher T. Franck ◽  
Stephen C. Loftus
Keyword(s):  
Low Speed ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Occupant Kinematics

scholarly journals Identification of Persons Who Are Responsive To Wood Smoke Particle-Induced Airway Inflammation With Assessment of The Effect of GSTM1, Asthma Status And Sex On This Response.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Peden ◽  
Laura Zhou ◽  
Allison J. Burbank ◽  
Martha Almond ◽  
Michelle L. Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil ◽  
Wood Smoke ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Asthma Status ◽  
Identification Of Persons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background: We are currently screening human volunteers to determine their sputum polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) response 6 and 24 hours following initiation of exposure to wood smoke particles (WSP). Inflammatory responders (>10% increase in %PMN) are identified for their subsequent participation in mitigation studies against WSP-induced airways inflammation. In this report we compared responder status (N=52) at both 6 and 24hr time points to refine/expand its classification, assessed the impact of the GSTM1 genotype, asthma status and sex on responder status, and explored whether sputum soluble phase markers of inflammation correlate with PMN responsiveness to WSP. Results: In the entire cohort, we found a significant, but very small, decrease in FVC and systolic blood pressure immediately following WSP exposure and sputum %PMNs were significantly increased at 24 hours post exposure, the latter finding was also significantly correlated with sputum IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and PMN/mg; a similar response was not found at the 6 hour %PMN response. Blood endpoints in the entire cohort showed a significant increase in %PMN and PMN/mg at 6 but not 24 hours. Six-hour responders tended to be 24-hour responders and vice versa, but 24-hour responders also had significantly increased IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8 at 24 hours post WSP exposure. The GSTM1 null genotype significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the %PMN response at 6 hours in the entire cohort, by 24% in the 24-hour responders and not at all in the 6 hours responders. Asthma status enhanced the 24 hour %PMN response in the entire cohort and in the 6- and 24-hour responders. Sex had no effect on %PMN response. Conclusions: The 24 hour time point was more informative than the 6 hour time point in optimally defining airway inflammatory responsiveness to WSP exposure. GSTM1 and asthma status are significant effect modifiers of this response. These study design and subject parameters should be considered before enrolling volunteers for proof-of-concept WSP mitigation studies.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation Machine for Bariatric Individuals

Machines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Andrea Botta ◽  
Paride Cavallone ◽  
Luca Carbonari ◽  
Carmen Visconte ◽  
Giuseppe Quaglia
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Extension Mechanism ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Organization

Obesity is known to be growing worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that obesity has tripled since 1975. In 2016, 39% of adults over 18 years old were overweight, and 13% were obese. Obesity is mostly preventable by adopting lifestyle improvements, enhancing diet quality, and doing physical exercise. The workload of the physical exercises should be proportionate to the patient’s capabilities. However, it must be considered that obese people are not used to training; they may not endure physical exertion and, even more critically, they could have some psychological impediments to the workouts. Physical exercises and equipment must, therefore, guarantee comfort and prevent situations in which the bariatric individual may feel inadequate. For these reasons, this study aims to design an innovative system to approach simple physical activities, like leg and arm exercises, to bariatric users to enable them to recover mobility and muscle tone gradually. The leading feature of this architecture is the design of hidden exercise mechanisms to overcome the psychological barriers of the users toward these kinds of machines. This paper proposes the initial design of the main sub-systems composing the rehabilitation machine, namely the leg curl and leg extension mechanism and its control architecture, the upper body exercises system, and a series of regulation mechanisms required to accommodate a wide range of users. The proposed functional design will then lead to the development of a prototype to validate the machine.

Human Response to Dynamic Rollover Conditions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Bish ◽  
Terence Honikman ◽  
Jason Sigel ◽  
Carl Nash ◽  
Donald Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Test Subject ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Passenger Compartment ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests ◽  
Vehicle Rollover ◽  
The Difference

To date, human responses in motor vehicle rollover accidents have been studied through the use of Hybrid III dummies in dolly vehicle rollover tests, quasi-static spit tests where the vehicle and occupant are rotated slowly about the rotation axis of the spit fixture, computer simulations and vehicle drop tests. To demonstrate human responses to dynamic rollover conditions more accurately we designed and built a fixture to accommodate a passenger compartment in a hoop structure that rotates as it translates. The rotational axis of the hoop structure is offset from the rotational axis of the passenger compartment to replicate vehicle center of gravity motion seen in dolly rollover tests. Testing showed the difference in restraint behavior depending upon whether the occupant was seated on the near (initially leading) or far side. It demonstrated that human and Hybrid III dummy neck response is very different. The human test subject received no injuries from diving into the roof of the passenger compartment even though this is the predicted injury mechanism reported in several technical papers.

Effect of Head Restraint Position and Neck Injury Criteria in Rear Impact

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
John DeRosia ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Bending Moments ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Acceleration Pulse ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Impact Acceleration

The objective of this study was to determine the forces and bending moments at the top of the Hybrid III dummy neck secondary to rear impact acceleration and evaluate the various proposed injury criteria. Rear impact sled tests were conducted by applying the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards FMVSS 202 acceleration pulse. Differing positions of the head restraint in terms of height (750 and 800 mm) and backset (zero, 50, and 100 mm) were used to determine the axial and shear forces, bending moments, and injury criteria (NIC, Nij, and Nkm). The time sequence of attainment of these parameters was determined along with peak values.

Investigation of Upper Body and Cervical Spine Kinematics of Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) during Low-Speed, Rear-End Impacts

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. White ◽  
Paul C. Begeman ◽  
Warren N. Hardy ◽  
King H. Yang ◽  
Koshiro Ono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Spine Kinematics

scholarly journals Case Studies in Neuroscience: A dissociation of balance and posture demonstrated by camptocormia

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. St George ◽  
V. S. Gurfinkel ◽  
J. Kraakevik ◽  
J. G. Nutt ◽  
F. B. Horak
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Postural Alignment ◽  
Passive Rotation ◽  
Custom Made

Upright stance in humans requires an intricate exchange between the neural mechanisms that control balance and those that control posture; however, the distinction between these control systems is hard to discern in healthy subjects. By studying balance and postural control of a participant with camptocormia — an involuntary flexion of the trunk during standing that resolves when supine — a divergence between balance and postural control was revealed. A kinematic and kinetic investigation of standing and walking showed a stereotyped flexion of the upper body by almost 80° over a few minutes, and yet the participant’s ability to control center of mass within the base of support and to compensate for external perturbations remained intact. This unique case also revealed the involvement of automatic, tonic control of the paraspinal muscles during standing and the effects of attention. Although strength was reduced and MRI showed a reduction in muscle mass, there was sufficient strength to maintain an upright posture under voluntary control and when using geste antagoniste maneuvers or “sensory tricks” from visual, auditory, and haptic biofeedback. Dual tasks that either increased or decreased the attention given to postural alignment would decrease or increase the postural flexion, respectively. The custom-made “twister” device that measured axial resistance to slow passive rotation revealed abnormalities in axial muscle tone distribution during standing. The results suggest that the disorder in this case was due to a disruption in the automatic, tonic drive to the postural muscles and that myogenic changes were secondary. NEW & NOTEWORTHY By studying an idiopathic camptocormia case with a detailed biomechanical and sensorimotor approach, we have demonstrated unique insights into the neural control of human bipedalism 1) balance and postural control cannot be considered the same neural process, as there is a stereotyped abnormal flexed posture, without balance deficits, associated with camptocormia, and 2) posture during standing is controlled by automatic axial tone but “sensory tricks” involving sensory biofeedback to direct voluntary attention to postural alignment can override, when required.

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