Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests: Human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 128-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Beeman ◽  
Andrew R. Kemper ◽  
Michael L. Madigan ◽  
Christopher T. Franck ◽  
Stephen C. Loftus
Keyword(s):  
Low Speed ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Occupant Kinematics

Kinetic and Kinematic Responses of the RID2a, Hybrid III and Human Volunteers in Low-Speed Rear-End Collisions

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunter P. Siegmund ◽  
Bradley E. Heinrichs ◽  
Jonathan M. Lawrence ◽  
Mat M.G.M. Philippens
Keyword(s):  
Low Speed ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Upper Body Kinematics of Relaxed Volunteers, Braced Volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Beeman ◽  
Andrew R. Kemper ◽  
Michael L. Madigan ◽  
Stefan M. Duma
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Automobile Safety ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Human occupant responses in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are commonly predicted and evaluated in a laboratory using surrogates including human volunteers, anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), and post mortem human surrogates (PMHSs) [1]. The ultimate goal of these surrogates is to demonstrate a similar response to humans in MVCs that can be used to evaluate human tolerance and enhance vehicle design and safety. The distinguishing attribute of human volunteers that non-human surrogates do not currently possess is the combination of identical human anthropometry, anatomy, and physiologic response of the target population, including resting muscle tone and active bracing capabilities. All human volunteer laboratory testing must be performed at sub-injurious levels due to ethical constraints, while non-human surrogates can be used to examine injurious or traumatic events. Given the capabilities and shortcomings of each surrogate in automobile safety research, performing matched tests with these surrogates can aid in the understanding of the biomechanical response of humans in an impact environment, leading to improvements in ATD design and increased efficacy of safety devices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate volunteer, ATD, and PMHS occupant kinematic responses in matched low-speed frontal sled tests.

Human Occupant Kinematics in Low Speed Side Impacts

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Fugger ◽  
Bryan C. Randles ◽  
Jesse L. Wobrock ◽  
Judson B. Welcher ◽  
Daniel P. Voss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Speed ◽  
Side Impacts ◽  
Occupant Kinematics

scholarly journals The Effects of Curtain Airbag on Occupant Kinematics and Injury Index in Rollover Crash

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hongyun Li ◽  
Chengyue Jiang ◽  
Dong Cui ◽  
Shuang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Restraint System ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Injury Index ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
Occupant Injuries ◽  
Occupant Kinematics ◽  
Head And Neck Injury ◽  
Rollover Crash

Background. Occupant injuries in rollover crashes are associated with vehicle structural performance, as well as the restraint system design. For a better understanding of the occupant kinematics and injury index in certain rollover crash, it is essential to carry out dynamic vehicle rollover simulation with dummy included. Objective. This study focused on effects of curtain airbag (CAB) parameters on occupant kinematics and injury indexes in a rollover crash. Besides, optimized parameters of the CAB were proposed for the purpose of decreasing the occupant injuries in such rollover scenario. Method and Material. The vehicle motion from the physical test was introduced as the input for the numerical simulation, and the 50% Hybrid III dummy model from the MADYMO database was imported into a simulation model. The restraint system, including a validated CAB module, was introduced for occupant kinematics simulation and injury evaluation. TTF setting, maximum inflator pressure, and protection area of the CAB were analysed. Results. After introducing the curtain airbag, the maximum head acceleration was reduced from 91.60 g to 49.52 g, and the neck Mx and neck Fz were reduced significantly. Among these CAB parameters, the TTF setting had the largest effect on the head acceleration which could reduce 8.6 g furthermore after optimization. The neck Fz was decreased from 3766.48 N to 2571.77 N after optimization of CAB protection area. Conclusions. Avoiding hard contact is critical for the occupant protection in the rollover crashes. The simulation results indicated that occupant kinematics and certain injury indexes were improved with the help of CAB in such rollover scenario. Appropriate TTF setting and inflator selection could benefit occupant kinematics and injury indexes. Besides, it was advised to optimize the curtain airbag thickness around the head contact area to improve head and neck injury indexes.

Thoracic Response of Belted PMHS, the Hybrid III, and the THOR-NT Mid-Sized Male Surrogates in Low-Speed, Frontal Crashes

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Forman ◽  
David Lessley ◽  
C. Greg Shaw ◽  
Jay Evans ◽  
Richard Kent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Speed ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Frontal Crashes

Numerical assessment of occupant responses during the bus rollover test: A finite element parametric study

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (8) ◽  
pp. 2195-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
MohammadReza Seyedi ◽  
Sungmoon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Tilt Table ◽  
Side Window ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Ece R66 ◽  
Occupant Kinematics

Rollover crashes of buses are usually associated with multiple impacts that can result in complex interactions between passengers and a bus superstructure. Although there have been a few field data studies that provide some insights into occupant injuries (e.g. severity and distribution of injuries) during the real-world bus rollover crash, because they had used post-crash data, the occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms were not completely detailed in their results. Based on a literature review, available numerical and experimental studies on a bus rollover safety have mainly focused on structural integrity rather than considering occupant responses in their assessment. In addition, their results about occupant responses in bus rollover crashes show some discrepancies in terms of the estimated injury distribution, severity, and causes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a more detailed understanding of the occupant kinematics and associated injury risk during the ECE R66 tilt table bus rollover test using validated finite element (FE) models. The ECE R66 tilt table rollover was simulated using a full finite element model of the bus. A 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) and EuroSID-2re FE models were selected to simulate the occupant’s motion. Each ATD was seated adjacent to the impacted side wall and restrained with a 2-point seatbelt. Simulation parameters included two impact surface friction values and different side window conditions. The results indicated that both ATD estimated the highest injury risk when the partial ejection occurred. They predicted a similar injury risk for the head and thorax. The ES-2re estimated a very low risk of neck injury in all simulations, whereas the Hybrid III estimated the high risk of a neck injury. Finally, recommendations to potentially reduce the injuries were provided and possible future works were suggested.

Low-Speed Go-Kart Crash Tests and a Comparison to Activities of Daily Living

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Kloppenborg ◽  
Tara Amenson ◽  
Jacob Wernik ◽  
John Wiechel
Keyword(s):  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Stationary Target ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Frontal Impacts ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Oblique Impacts ◽  
Acceleration Force

Go-karts are a common amusement park feature enjoyed by people of all ages. While intended for racing, contact between go-karts does occur. To investigate and quantify the accelerations and forces which result from contact, 44 low-speed impacts were conducted between a stationary (target) and a moving (bullet) go-kart. The occupant of the bullet go-kart was one of two human volunteers. The occupant of the target go-kart was a Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test device (ATD). Impact configurations consisted of rear-end impacts, frontal impacts, side impacts, and oblique impacts. Results demonstrated high repeatability for the vehicle performance and occupant response. Go-kart accelerations and speed changes increased with increased impact speed. Impact duration and restitution generally decreased with increased impact speed. All ATD acceleration, force, and moment values increased with increased impact speed. Common injury metrics such as the head injury criterion (HIC), Nij, and Nkm were calculated and were found to be below injury thresholds. Occupant response was also compared to published activities of daily living data.

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