Impact of Small-Scale Reeling Simulation on Mechanical Properties on Line Pipe Steel

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Christoph Meiwes ◽  
Marion Erdelen-Peppler ◽  
Holger Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Load Conditions

Reel-laying is a fast and cost effective method to install pipelines since the time consuming operations of welding and inspection are conducted onshore. During reel-laying repeated plastic strain is introduced into a pipeline which may affect strength and ductility of the line pipe material. Based on the experience, it has been shown that the small-scale reeling test procedure according to DNV-OS-F101 [1] is a good way to inspect the mechanical properties for the reel-laying process. Coupons from pipes are loaded in tension and compression tests and aged if required. Specimens for mechanical testing are machined from these coupons and tested according to the corresponding standards. This paper demonstrates current efforts to demonstrate the usability of cold-formed HFI pipes from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH (MLP) for the reel-laying process. In a first step the results of the pre-strained materials are compared in extensive material tests with the undeformed incoming materials. The effect of thermal aging from the coating process on the reeling behavior is then examined, in relation to the background of thermal aging. In discussing the difference between compression and tension zone of the reeled pipe, the influence according to the load conditions is analyzed by the material property tests. This paper demonstrates current efforts of the availability for use of cold-formed HFI pipes for the real-laying process. In addition, the report notes the difference and the effects of the material properties to testing according to the strain-based or stress-based load conditions. In discussing the influence of the tempered conditions of the mechanical properties, therefore two different pipe conditions are investigated by the small scale-reeling (SSR) testing procedure. In summary the results of the pre-strain materials are comparable with the unformed incoming materials.

scholarly journals Formation conditions and mechanical properties of aggregates produced in tephra–water–snow flows

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Niiya ◽  
Kenichi Oda ◽  
Daisuke Tsuji ◽  
Hiroaki Katsuragi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Ice Slurry ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract The formation of aggregates consisting of snow, water, and tephra has been reported in small-scale experiments on three-phase flows containing tephra, water, and snow, representing lahars triggered by snowmelt. Such aggregates reduce the mobility of mud flow. However, the formation mechanism of such aggregates under various conditions has not been investigated. To elucidate the formation conditions and mechanical properties of the aggregates, we performed mixing experiments with materials on a rotating table and compression tests on the resulting aggregates with a universal testing machine in a low-temperature room at $$0\,^{\circ }\text {C}$$ 0 ∘ C . From experiments with varying component ratios of the mixture and tephra diameter, the following results were obtained: (i) the aggregate grew rapidly and reached maturity after a mixing time of 5 min; (ii) the mass of aggregates increased with snow concentration, exhibiting an approximately linear relationship; (iii) single aggregates with large mass formed at lower and higher tephra concentrations, whereas multiple aggregates with smaller mass were observed at intermediate concentrations; (iv) the shape of the aggregate satisfied the similarity law for an ellipsoid; (v) the compressive mechanical behavior could be modeled by an empirical nonlinear model. The obtained mechanical properties of the aggregates were independent of the experimental conditions; (vi) scaling analysis based on the Reynolds number and the strength of the aggregates showed that the aggregates cannot form in ice-slurry lahars. Our findings suggest that low-speed lahars containing snow and ice are likely to generate aggregates, but snow and ice in the ice-slurry lahars are dispersed without such aggregates.

Effect of Full- and Small-Scale Reeling Simulation on Mechanical Properties of Weldable 13Cr Seamless Line Pipe

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Shitamoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Hisamune
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Oil

There are several methods currently being used to install offshore oil and gas pipelines. The reel-lay process is fast and one of the most effective offshore pipeline installation methods for seamless, ERW, and UOE line pipes with outside diameters of 18 inches or less. In the case of the reel-laying method, line pipes are subjected to plastic deformation multiplication during reel-laying. It is thus important to understand the change of the mechanical properties of line pipes before and after reel-laying. Therefore, full-scale reeling (FSR) simulations and small-scale reeling (SSR) simulations are applied as evaluation tests for reel-laying. In this study, FSR simulations were performed to investigate the effect of cyclic deformation on the mechanical properties of weldable 13Cr seamless line pipes. Furthermore, SSR simulations were performed to compare the results obtained by FSR simulations.

Full-Scale Reeling Tests of HFI Welded Line Pipe for Offshore Reel-Laying Installation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Christoph Meiwes ◽  
Susanne Höhler ◽  
Marion Erdelen-Peppler ◽  
Holger Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Deformation Capacity ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Tension And Compression

During reel-laying repeated plastic strains are introduced into a pipeline which may affect strength properties and deformation capacity of the line pipe material. Conventionally the effect on the material is simulated by small-scale reeling simulation tests. For these, coupons are extracted from pipes that are loaded in tension and compression and thermally aged, if required. Afterwards, specimens for mechanical testing are machined from these coupons and tested according to the corresponding standards. Today customers often demand additional full-scale reeling simulation tests to assure that the structural pipe behavior meets the strain demands as well. Realistic deformations have to be introduced into a full-size pipe, followed by aging, sampling and mechanical testing comparable to small-scale reeling. In this report the fitness for use of a four-point-bending test rig for full-scale reeling simulation tests is demonstrated. Two high-frequency-induction (HFI) welded pipes of grade X65M (OD = 323.9 mm, WT = 15.9 mm) from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH (MLP) are bent with alternate loading. To investigate the influences of thermal aging from polymer-coating process one test pipe had been heat treated beforehand, in the same manner as if being PE-coated. After the tests mechanical test samples were machined out of the plastically strained pipes. A comparison of results from mechanical testing of material exposed to small- and full-scale reeling simulation is given. The results allow an evaluation of the pipe behavior as regards reeling ability and plastic deformation capacity.

Effects of Soil Cohesiveness and Depth on Dynamic Ductile Fracture Speeds

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rudland ◽  
D.-J. Shim ◽  
G. M. Wilkowski ◽  
S. Kawaguchi ◽  
N. Hagiwara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Crack Arrest ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Pipe Steels ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Fracture Arrest

The ductile fracture resistance of newer line pipe steels is of concern for high grade/strength steels and higher-pressure pipeline designs. Although there have been several attempts to make improved ductile fracture arrest models, the model that is still used most frequently is the Battelle Two-Curve Method (TCM). This analysis incorporates the gas-decompression behavior with the fracture toughness of the pipe material to predict the minimum Charpy energy required for crack arrest. For this analysis, the influence of the backfill is lumped into one empirically developed “soil” coefficient which is not specific to soil type, density or strength. No attempt has been made to quantify the effects of soil depth, type, total density or strength on the fracture speeds of propagating cracks in line pipe steels. In this paper, results from small-scale and large-scale burst tests with well-controlled backfill conditions are presented and analyzed to determine the effects of soil depth and cohesiveness on the fracture speeds. Combining this data with the past full-scale burst data used in generating the original backfill coefficient provides additional insight into the effects of the soil properties on the fracture speeds and the arrest of running ductile fractures in line pipe materials.

Remarks on Crack-Bridging Concepts

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bao ◽  
Z. Suo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Notch Sensitivity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Crack Bridging ◽  
Scale Bridging ◽  
Hole Radius ◽  
The Difference

The article draws upon recent work by us and our colleagues on metal and ceramic matrix composites for high temperature engines. The central theme here is to deduce mechanical properties, such as toughness, strength and notch-ductility, from bridging laws that characterize inelastic processes associated with fracture. A particular set of normalization is introduced to present the design charts, segregating the roles played by the shape, and the scale, of a bridging law. A single material length, δ0E/σ0, emerges, where δ0 is the limiting-separation, σ0 the bridging-strength, and E the Young’s modulus of the solid. It is the huge variation of this length—from a few nanometers for atomic bond, to a meter for cross-over fibers—that underlies the richness in material behaviors. Under small-scale bridging conditions, δ0E/σ0 is the only basic length scale in the mechanics problem and represents, with a pre-factor about 0.4, the bridging zone size. A catalog of small-scale bridging solutions is compiled for idealized bridging laws. Large-scale bridging introduces a dimensionless group, a/(δ0E/σ0), where a is a length characterizing the component (e.g., hole radius). The group plays a major role in all phenomena associated with bridging, and provides a focus of discussion in this article. For example, it quantifies the bridging scale when a is the unbridged crack length, and notch-sensitivity when a is hole radius. The difference and the connection between Irwin’s fracture mechanics and crack bridging concepts are discussed. It is demonstrated that fracture toughness and resistance curve are meaningful only when small-scale bridging conditions prevail, and therefore of limited use in design with composites. Many other mechanical properties of composites, such as strength and notch-sensitivity, can be simulated by invoking large-scale bridging concepts.

Strain Aging Effects in High Strength Line Pipe Materials

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Ming Duan ◽  
Joe Zhou ◽  
Brian Rothwell ◽  
David Horsley ◽  
Nick Pussegoda
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Aging ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Aging Behavior ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Line Pipe

Strain aging behavior can occur in almost all steels, including micro-alloyed steels used in high-strength pipelines. The direct effects of strain aging on mechanical properties can include increased hardness, yield strength and tensile strength, and reduced ductility and toughness. Strain aging may take place in processes where the pipe material experiences thermal cycles, such as coating, welding and in-service heating, and may occur with or without additional plastic strain. The changes of material mechanical properties could seriously challenge the design principles and methodologies, so that these aging effects need to be taken into account. This is especially important for pipelines expected to see deformation-controlled loading conditions. This is not only because the difference in strain aging effects between a weld and the parent material can easily change the strength overmatch condition of the weld, leading to unpredictable girth weld flaw tolerance, but also because the return of Lu¨ders behavior on the stress-strain curves of these materials significantly reduces the pipe buckling load resistance. In addition, any change in fracture resistance due to strain aging may impact the fracture control design practice, particularly if the pipe material may be expected to experience plastic deformation during service. In this paper, a brief review of strain aging behavior in steels is presented, with an emphasis on the effects on the mechanical properties and toughness of three high-strength line pipe steels. Material strain aging mechanical test procedures of three high grade pipes will be described and the test results will be discussed.

Seamless Linepipe Response Under Small and Full Scale Reeling Simulation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Marines-Garcia ◽  
Jorge A. Aldana-Díaz ◽  
Philippe P. Darcis ◽  
Hector M. Quintanilla
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Ageing Condition ◽  
Pipe Materials

Offshore pipelines projects, installed by reel-laying operations, are gaining momentum due to the increasing worldwide capacity of Reel Lay Vessels. It is well known that reel-laying installation causes repeated plastic straining (cyclic deformation) and, as a consequence, cyclic strain and ageing test is usually required for qualifying line pipe materials for such installation method. This qualification is typically named reeling simulation. Reeling simulations can be made via full or small scale. In practice, full scale qualification lead time and full scale reeling simulation machines availability could be a constraint, thus, small scale reeling simulation is usually the best alternative. However, the similitude of small scale versus full scale simulations could be questioned. On this basis, an extensive study was carried-out considering tensile, toughness and sour testing, in order to evaluate the material response after reeling simulation, in order to clarify if the line pipe material will behave similarly regardless the straining method (small scale or full scale). Different small scale samples configuration for straining were tested, depending on the posterior mechanical or sour test, and two different full scale reeling simulation machines were used for plain pipes straining. Five seamless plain pipes, X65 line pipe were used for this study, with 3 (three) different outer diameters of 10.75″, 11.67″ & 16″ (273 mm, 296 mm & 406 mm). The current paper will present the main mechanical results of these materials after strain and ageing condition, comparing full and small scale straining methods.

Full Scale Application of Thermal Ageing in Line Pipe Material Selection for Deepwater Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Kerstens ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Duane DeGeer
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
The South ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Material Development ◽  
South Stream

Comprising 4 pipelines over 900 km in length, with 32-in diameter and traversing water depths over 2200 m, the South Stream project requires a step-out in technology application. Following several years of preparation, the project is now approaching its implementation. In order to document the reliability of the collapse resistance for South Stream, an extensive material development program was initiated and executed, including small scale, medium scale, and full scale testing on over one hundred purposely manufactured pipe joints by world’s 5 leading mills. Testing performed included plate tests, full scale collapse tests on various combinations of plate sources, steel grades, and thermal ageing condition, pressure-bend tests, and reverse bending tests. A large number of medium and small scale tests were performed to allow the development of a suitably reliable statistical database for the probabilistic wall thickness design. In addition, programs were developed and executed for weldability tests, performing over one hundred trial welds, and for H2S resistance tests. This material development program was built on INTECSEA’s extensive experience with deep water large diameter pipelines (i.e. Oman-India, Blue Stream, Medgaz, Mardi Gras, IGI, etc.). Due to its extent and rigorous approach the South Stream material development program was able to conclusively prove the feasibility of the selected technological approach at an industrial scale. This paper provides an overview of the key design issues that were successfully addressed and the major technological advances that have been implemented as part of the linepipe material development process for deepwater pipelines in an H2S containing environment. The practical significance of this program is to optimize the wall thickness to a level that is manufacturable by the industry and hence enables the South Stream Project to proceed with its unprecedented depth and diameter combination.

Effect of Reeling Simulation on the Mechanical Properties of New Duplex Stainless Steel for Line Pipe

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Shitamoto ◽  
Masayuki Sagara ◽  
Hisashi Amaya ◽  
Nobuyuki Hisamune ◽  
Daisuke Motoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Flow Line ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas

Corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) such as martensitic and duplex stainless steels (DSS) are used as a flow line material in corrosive wet gas environments (i.e., carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide environments). A new DSS which consists of 25mass%Cr - 5mass%Ni - 1mass%Mo - 2.5mass%Cu has been developed for line pipe usage in slightly sour environments. There are several methods currently being used to install offshore oil and gas pipelines. The reel-lay process is fast and one of the most effective offshore pipeline installation methods for seamless, ERW, and UOE line pipes with outside diameters of 18 inches or less. In the case of the reel-laying method, line pipes are subjected to plastic deformation multiplication during reel-laying. Thus, it is important to understand the change of the mechanical properties of line pipes before and after reel-laying. In this study, full-scale reeling (FSR) simulations and small-scale reeling (SSR) simulations were performed to investigate the effect of cyclic deformation on the mechanical properties of the new DSS for line pipe. Furthermore, investigation of the most susceptible temperature range to cracking and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) tests were performed in slightly sour conditions.

Compression tests on a slurry using a small-scale consolidometer

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
M W Bo ◽  
V Choa ◽  
K S Wong
Keyword(s):  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Soil Deformation ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Settlement Rate ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Ratio Change ◽  
The Difference

To understand the deformation of ultrasoft soil in a viscous state, compression tests were carried out using a small-scale consolidometer equipped with pore-pressure transducers at three locations. Deformation behavior was monitored with both settlement and pore-pressure measurements. The transitional points from slurry to soil were determined from the settlement rate, change in void ratio, change in permeability, and pore-pressure dissipation. It was found that the transitional void ratio determined from the settlement rate is smaller than that determined from the commencement of pore-pressure dissipation. The transitional void ratio varied slightly for samples with different initial moisture contents determined based on pore-pressure considerations. The variation was due to the difference in sample thickness which affected the initiation of pore-pressure dissipation at the bottom of sample. In reality, the void ratio at transition could be larger than those determined from both settlement and pore pressure.Key words: ultrasoft soil, deformation, compression, pore pressure, permeability.

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