Seamless Linepipe Response Under Small and Full Scale Reeling Simulation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Marines-Garcia ◽  
Jorge A. Aldana-Díaz ◽  
Philippe P. Darcis ◽  
Hector M. Quintanilla
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Ageing Condition ◽  
Pipe Materials

Offshore pipelines projects, installed by reel-laying operations, are gaining momentum due to the increasing worldwide capacity of Reel Lay Vessels. It is well known that reel-laying installation causes repeated plastic straining (cyclic deformation) and, as a consequence, cyclic strain and ageing test is usually required for qualifying line pipe materials for such installation method. This qualification is typically named reeling simulation. Reeling simulations can be made via full or small scale. In practice, full scale qualification lead time and full scale reeling simulation machines availability could be a constraint, thus, small scale reeling simulation is usually the best alternative. However, the similitude of small scale versus full scale simulations could be questioned. On this basis, an extensive study was carried-out considering tensile, toughness and sour testing, in order to evaluate the material response after reeling simulation, in order to clarify if the line pipe material will behave similarly regardless the straining method (small scale or full scale). Different small scale samples configuration for straining were tested, depending on the posterior mechanical or sour test, and two different full scale reeling simulation machines were used for plain pipes straining. Five seamless plain pipes, X65 line pipe were used for this study, with 3 (three) different outer diameters of 10.75″, 11.67″ & 16″ (273 mm, 296 mm & 406 mm). The current paper will present the main mechanical results of these materials after strain and ageing condition, comparing full and small scale straining methods.

Full-Scale Reeling Tests of HFI Welded Line Pipe for Offshore Reel-Laying Installation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Christoph Meiwes ◽  
Susanne Höhler ◽  
Marion Erdelen-Peppler ◽  
Holger Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Deformation Capacity ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Tension And Compression

During reel-laying repeated plastic strains are introduced into a pipeline which may affect strength properties and deformation capacity of the line pipe material. Conventionally the effect on the material is simulated by small-scale reeling simulation tests. For these, coupons are extracted from pipes that are loaded in tension and compression and thermally aged, if required. Afterwards, specimens for mechanical testing are machined from these coupons and tested according to the corresponding standards. Today customers often demand additional full-scale reeling simulation tests to assure that the structural pipe behavior meets the strain demands as well. Realistic deformations have to be introduced into a full-size pipe, followed by aging, sampling and mechanical testing comparable to small-scale reeling. In this report the fitness for use of a four-point-bending test rig for full-scale reeling simulation tests is demonstrated. Two high-frequency-induction (HFI) welded pipes of grade X65M (OD = 323.9 mm, WT = 15.9 mm) from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH (MLP) are bent with alternate loading. To investigate the influences of thermal aging from polymer-coating process one test pipe had been heat treated beforehand, in the same manner as if being PE-coated. After the tests mechanical test samples were machined out of the plastically strained pipes. A comparison of results from mechanical testing of material exposed to small- and full-scale reeling simulation is given. The results allow an evaluation of the pipe behavior as regards reeling ability and plastic deformation capacity.

Full Scale Application of Thermal Ageing in Line Pipe Material Selection for Deepwater Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Kerstens ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Duane DeGeer
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
The South ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Material Development ◽  
South Stream

Comprising 4 pipelines over 900 km in length, with 32-in diameter and traversing water depths over 2200 m, the South Stream project requires a step-out in technology application. Following several years of preparation, the project is now approaching its implementation. In order to document the reliability of the collapse resistance for South Stream, an extensive material development program was initiated and executed, including small scale, medium scale, and full scale testing on over one hundred purposely manufactured pipe joints by world’s 5 leading mills. Testing performed included plate tests, full scale collapse tests on various combinations of plate sources, steel grades, and thermal ageing condition, pressure-bend tests, and reverse bending tests. A large number of medium and small scale tests were performed to allow the development of a suitably reliable statistical database for the probabilistic wall thickness design. In addition, programs were developed and executed for weldability tests, performing over one hundred trial welds, and for H2S resistance tests. This material development program was built on INTECSEA’s extensive experience with deep water large diameter pipelines (i.e. Oman-India, Blue Stream, Medgaz, Mardi Gras, IGI, etc.). Due to its extent and rigorous approach the South Stream material development program was able to conclusively prove the feasibility of the selected technological approach at an industrial scale. This paper provides an overview of the key design issues that were successfully addressed and the major technological advances that have been implemented as part of the linepipe material development process for deepwater pipelines in an H2S containing environment. The practical significance of this program is to optimize the wall thickness to a level that is manufacturable by the industry and hence enables the South Stream Project to proceed with its unprecedented depth and diameter combination.

TurkStream Collapse Test Program

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Timms ◽  
Doug Swanek ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Arjen Meijer ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

The TurkStream pipeline project is designed to transport approximately 32 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually from Russia to Turkey under the Black Sea, with more than 85% of the deep-water route being deeper than 2000 m. The offshore section is intended to consist of two parallel lines, each approximately 900 km long. The preliminary stages of the front end engineering design (pre-FEED) phase was managed by INTECSEA. To support the analyses and design of the deepest portions, a full scale collapse test program was performed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER). This collapse test program, which included 62 full-scale collapse and pressure+bend tests, 54 medium-scale ring collapse tests, and hundreds of small-scale tests, was primarily aimed at measuring, quantifying and documenting the increase in pipe strength and collapse resistance resulting from the thermal induction heat treatment effect (thermal ageing) that arises during the pipe coating process. Two grades of 32-inch (813 mm) outside diameter (OD) line-pipe, SAWL450 and SAWL485 with wall thicknesses of 39.0 mm or 37.4 mm, respectively, were supplied from various mills for testing. The collapse test program objectives were as follows: • Determine the collapse resistance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Determine the pressure+bend performance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Measure the effect of thermal ageing on material and collapse testing results, including the impact of multiple thermal cycles; and • Evaluate the results of medium-scale ring collapse tests as compared to full-scale tests. This paper presents selected results of this work, along with some comparisons to predictive equations.

Effects of Soil Cohesiveness and Depth on Dynamic Ductile Fracture Speeds

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rudland ◽  
D.-J. Shim ◽  
G. M. Wilkowski ◽  
S. Kawaguchi ◽  
N. Hagiwara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Crack Arrest ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Pipe Steels ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Fracture Arrest

The ductile fracture resistance of newer line pipe steels is of concern for high grade/strength steels and higher-pressure pipeline designs. Although there have been several attempts to make improved ductile fracture arrest models, the model that is still used most frequently is the Battelle Two-Curve Method (TCM). This analysis incorporates the gas-decompression behavior with the fracture toughness of the pipe material to predict the minimum Charpy energy required for crack arrest. For this analysis, the influence of the backfill is lumped into one empirically developed “soil” coefficient which is not specific to soil type, density or strength. No attempt has been made to quantify the effects of soil depth, type, total density or strength on the fracture speeds of propagating cracks in line pipe steels. In this paper, results from small-scale and large-scale burst tests with well-controlled backfill conditions are presented and analyzed to determine the effects of soil depth and cohesiveness on the fracture speeds. Combining this data with the past full-scale burst data used in generating the original backfill coefficient provides additional insight into the effects of the soil properties on the fracture speeds and the arrest of running ductile fractures in line pipe materials.

Comparison of Soil Properties From World-Wide Full-Scale Pipe Testing Facilities

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rudland ◽  
G. Mannucci ◽  
R. Andrews ◽  
S. Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Crack Driving Force ◽  
Empirical Correction ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Future Fracture ◽  
Empirical Correction Factor

The dynamic behavior of an axially propagating crack in buried line pipe is dependent not only on the pipe material, and the decompressing gas, but also the surrounding soil. The density and cohesiveness of the soil restrains the forming pipe flaps behind the crack tip and decreases the apparent crack driving force. Traditional fracture analyses, such as the Battelle Two-Curve (BTC) approach, lump the soil behavior into one empirical correction factor that does not differentiate between different soil types. In this effort, soils from the full-scale pipe test facilities in the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, and Denmark, were tested with standard procedures to characterize the soils by type, grain size, density and strength. A comparison of these properties is presented in this archival paper, which can be used in future fracture analysis development efforts.

Evaluation of Wearing Pipe for Subsea Mining With Large Particles in Slurry Transportation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Takano ◽  
Masao Ono ◽  
Sotaro Masanobu
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Maximum Particle ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Set Up

For a fundamental understanding of pipe wear under hydraulic transportation of deep-sea mining, a small scale test is conducted because there are many restrictions in conducting a full scale test. The small scale test apparatus are set up using the pipes of about 80mm in diameter and the rocks of which maximum particle diameters are about 20mm are used. In the test, the pipe materials and the pipe inclination are changed to evaluate the differential of the amount of pipe material loss. Furthermore, the amount of the pipe material loss in full scale is estimated based on the small scale test results.

Burst Pressure Prediction of Pipes With SCC Colonies: Evaluation of Intelligent Flaw Interaction Rules Using Full-Scale Burst Tests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Banglin Liu ◽  
Yong-Yi Wang ◽  
Alex Wang ◽  
Steve Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Crack Opening ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Crack Size ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Material Tests

Abstract This is the second paper in a two-paper series which covers the PRCI-funded work aimed at the development of intelligent flaw interaction rules (termed PRCI-CRES SIA-1-5 rules). The first paper focused on the development of the rules using numerical analyses. This paper covers the evaluation of the rules through full-scale burst tests and accompanying small-scale material tests. Four full-scale burst tests were conducted on 20” and 18” OD pipe segments with SCC. The SCC colonies on the test sections were inspected using MPI, PAUT, ECA, and IWEX. The small-scale material tests were conducted to measure pipe tensile strength and Charpy impact energy. The four test sections were pressurized until burst. The burst tests were recorded using multiple video cameras to capture the global behavior and detailed crack opening process at the burst locations. With the videos and the post-test examination of the failure surfaces, the full-scale burst tests provide not only the burst pressure but also information for the validation of the fundamental principles of the new interaction rules. The modified Ln-sec method was used to predict the burst pressure using the equivalent crack size from different flaw interaction rules and the measured pipe material properties. The PRCI-CRES SIA-1-5 rules were found to provide the most accurate and precise burst pressure prediction when factors other than flaw interaction rules remain the same. The application of the PRCI-CRES SIA-1-5 rules can reduce unnecessary hydrotests and/or other remediation actions with accurate, not overly conservative, burst pressure prediction.

Predicting the Fracture Initiation Transition Temperature in High Toughness, Low Transition Temperature Line Pipe With the COD Test

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Podlasek ◽  
R. J. Eiber
Keyword(s):  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
Crack Opening ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Opening Displacement ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Critical Flaw

This paper describes the use of the crack opening displacement (COD) test to predict the fracture initiation transition temperature of high toughness, low-transition temperature in line pipe. A series of COD tests using t × t and t × 2t specimens made from this line pipe material. The COD test was conducted over a range of temperatures and the point where the upper shelf COD values began to decrease with decreasing temperature was defined. To verify the full-scale significance of this temperature, a series of three experiments was conducted on 48-in. (1.22m) dia line pipe to bracket the transition temperature defined in the COD Test. The results suggest that the COD transition temperature can ve used to define the fracture initiation temperature for static loading in pipe. In addition, in the transition temperature region, the full-scale results, while limited in number, suggest that the COD values could possibly be used to predict the critical flaw sizes in the pipe material.

Anisotropic HFI Welded Steel Pipes for Strain Based Design

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Hilgert ◽  
Susanne Höhler ◽  
Holger Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Steel Tubes ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Welded Steel ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Strain Capacity ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Weld Material ◽  
Anisotropy Parameters

Generally isotropic behavior is assumed and demanded in line pipe specifications. Especially in strain based design, compressive and tensile strain capacity models rely on iso-tropic assumptions. On the other hand every pipe has got an anisotropic material characteristic which effects the performance in strain based design. In this contribution HFI-welded steel tubes are investigated due to their underlying material anisotropy. Depending on their basic strip weld material and production process the anisotropy differs from UOE or spiral welded pipes. Especially, in radial direction of steel pipe mechanical properties are challenging to gain. Thus two methods are suggested to characterize the anisotropic parameters in all three pipe directions. A small scale approach evaluating Lankford values and a full scale method evaluating Hill factors are applied. While Lankford method relies on strains, Hills method relies on stresses. Both methods are explained and validated by internal pressure and full scale bending tests. Using the anisotropy parameters, their effect on strain based design is analyzed — both experimentally and numerically. In the end it is shown that distinct anisotropies can provide a benefit for HFI-welded steel tubes concerning strain capacity in strain based design applications.

Mechanical Integrity Modeling of Forge Welded Pipes for Offshore Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesan S. Marimuthu ◽  
Per Thomas Moe ◽  
Junyan Liu ◽  
Bjarne Salberg
Keyword(s):  
Weld Line ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Weld Quality ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Gurson Model ◽  
Mechanical Integrity

In this paper, we discuss how through-process multi-scale models can be designed and combined with properly constructed experiments in order to assess the mechanical integrity of forge welded connectors. Shielded Active Gas Forge Welding (SAG-FW) is a fully automatic solid state method for joining steel pipes and other metallic articles. After heating, welding occurs almost instantaneously when the mating surfaces of the metallic parts are brought into intimate contact at high temperature and co-deformed. The result is a metallic bond with properties similar to those of the base material. If mating surfaces have been properly prepared and are essentially free from oxides the forge weld line is completely indistinguishable even when studied under a microscope. However, improper surface finish, oxides and contaminants may contribute to reducing weld quality. The paper consists of analytical and experimental parts. First, approaches for modeling forge welding and weld integrity are assessed. Second, a Gurson-type model is studied in great detail as it appears to be the simplest and most promising concept in relation to quantitative modeling and testing of mechanical integrity of forge welds. Third, miniature notched specimens for determining parameters of a modified Gurson-model are proposed and evaluated in relation to small scale forge welding. The small scale forge welding method has been established in order to simulate full scale welding of for example line pipe and casing, but mechanical testing of small samples constitute a significant challenge. Fourth, a set of experiments is performed to further assess the concept, to the extent possible determine material parameters of the Gurson-model and to evaluate the effect of process parameter settings on the weld quality. Results from tests of welds with and without oxides are subsequently compared with results from tests of base material specimens. All tests have been performed for an API 5L X65 alloy. The results demonstrate that both capacity and ductility of the forge welds are similar to those of base material. Finally, Gurson-model parameters are assessed, and a comparison with physical observations is made. Further development of the small scale tests is needed. More extensive test programs should be performed and a comparison with full scale welding should be carried out. However, the experiments demonstrated that the proposed notched specimen designs complements conventional fracture mechanical tests (CT, SENT, SENB) or field tests proposed by various standards (Charpy, Izod, bend tests).

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