SCC Integrity Management for a Gas Pipeline Using a Combined Approach EW ILI, Calibration Excavation and FAD Analysis

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
Clint Garth ◽  
Ravi Krishnamurthy ◽  
Millan Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Wave ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integrity Management

Gas pipeline operators face significant challenges with respect to quantifying and managing SCC in gas pipelines. Following SCCDA excavations, SCC was found on one of TCPL’s gas pipelines. A combined approach was then introduced to manage SCC, which consists of comparison of two consecutive Elastic Wave Inspection Runs prioritization of excavations, refinement of ILI tool sizing performance, and remediation using a Fracture Mechanics based FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) methodology. The overall process from the ILI inspections to crack growth comparison, as well as integrity assessment and rehabilitation has demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach for SCC integrity management. In this paper, the history of the subjected pipeline segment is described. The concept of the approach is presented. The process of applying the approach to manage the pipeline integrity is outlined with examples for demonstration. The potential of utilizing this approach and process to other pipelines and crack detection ILI tools in gas pipelines in terms of POI, sizing, and excavation is discussed.

Pipeline Corrosion Integrity Management by Direct Assessment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Javia
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Post Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

Integrity management of pipelines is a systematic, comprehensive and integrated approach to proactively counter the threats to pipeline integrity. Pressure testing, in-line inspection and direct assessment methods are used to verify the integrity of a buried pipeline. The Paper Discuses Direct Assessment Methodologies for Hydrocarbon Non Piggable Pipelines. Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Assessment methodology and DA Protocols. The DA process accomplishes this by utilizing and integrating condition monitoring, effective mitigation, meticulous documentation and timely structured reporting processes. DA is a structured, iterative integrity assessment process through which an operator may be able to assess and evaluate the integrity of a pipeline segment. TIME DEPENDENT THREATS INEVITABLY LED TO NUMEROUS FAILURES WITH A COMMON DEFINING MECHANISM OR SOURCE – CORROSION. This Paper will focus on internal, external and stress corrosion cracking direct assessment along with pre and post assessment, quality assurance, data analysis and integration, and remediation and mitigation activities. This paper will discuss some of the regulatory requirements for Pipeline Integrity Management System.

SCC Management and Integrity Planning in a Gas Pipeline

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Katz ◽  
Sergio Limon ◽  
Ming Gao ◽  
Rick McNealy ◽  
Ravi Krishnamurthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is a major integrity management concern for many gas and oil pipeline operators. Predictive models for Stress Corrosion Crack growth were developed using laboratory test data from the mid 1970’s, and limited inspection data and excavation measurements from the early 1990’s. Extensive efforts continue to be made to develop strategies for a better management of the SCC problem. In this paper, a study of crack growth rates was conducted on the Williams 16-inch gas pipeline using data from two consecutive in-line crack detection tool runs and direct field measurements. Findings from this study provide a direct measurement of crack growth rates for ILI crack features with depths ranging from 12.5%wt to 40%wt. Future integrity of the pipeline was assessed. The integrity management strategies could be further refined using the calculated crack growth rate, field excavation data and fracture mechanics based API 579 FAD approach.

Effect of Pressure Loading on Integrity Management

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Tiku ◽  
Aaron Dinovitzer ◽  
Scott Ironside
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
Pressure Cycle ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Pump Compressor ◽  
Life Predictions

Integrity assessment or life predictions for in-service pipelines are sensitive to the assumptions they rely upon. One significant source of uncertainty is the pipeline operating pressure data often captured and archived using a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. SCADA systems may be programmed to collect and archive data differently from one pipeline to another and the resulting pressure records can be significantly different on the basis of the sampling techniques, data processing and the distance from pump and compressor stations. This paper illustrates some of the issues involved in pressure load characterization and is based upon work sponsored by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI). A series of sensitivity studies using fatigue crack growth calculations have been carried out to evaluate several factors that can influence crack stability and growth predictions that are often employed in pipeline integrity planning and repair programs. The results presented will highlight the issues related to performing integrity management based upon pump/compressor discharge or suction SCADA data to characterize the potential severity of pressure fluctuation or peak pressure dependent defects, illustrate the differences in fatigue crack growth rates along a pipeline segment and demonstrate the complexity of pressure cycle severity characterization, based upon distance from discharge, elevation, hydraulic gradient, for different sites along the pipeline route.

Regulatory Next Steps in Addressing Pipeline Seam Weld Challenges

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Nanney
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Integrity Assurance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Since the beginning of pipeline transportation operations, pipe seam integrity and mitigation measures to prevent pipe seam leaks and failures have been a challenge for the industry and government regulators. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration’s (PHMSA) Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) has investigated leaks and failures, issued advisory bulletins, funded research projects, and developed regulations for integrity assurance of pipe seams during pipeline design, construction, and operations and maintenance (including integrity management). This report will discuss PHMSA’s pipe seam efforts to date, framing leak and failure history, past advisory bulletins, United States (U.S.) Legislative and Executive actions (statutory actions), recent U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) findings, accident investigation findings, and ongoing research for pipe long seam welds. PHMSA will review challenges and summarize past and possible future regulatory considerations based on the research findings to date and pipe seam incidents. In 2011 PHMSA initiated a long seam research project titled “Comprehensive Study to Understand Longitudinal ERW Seam Failures.” The program goals are to assist PHMSA in favorably closing U.S. NTSB Recommendations P-09-01 [1] and P-09-02 [1], which were issued after the Carmichael, Mississippi pipeline electric resistance welded (ERW) seam rupture, and recommended that PHMSA conduct a comprehensive study of ERW pipe properties and implement measures to assure that they do not fail in service. The research objectives for Phase 1 were to review current ERW seam integrity assessment methods (hydrostatic testing and in-line inspection using a crack-detection tool) to understand measures needed to consistently identify subcritical seam defects in order to act in time to prevent ERW seam ruptures. Phase 2 objectives are to develop hydrotest protocols, improve anomaly characterization criteria, develop seam defect growth models, and develop seam integrity management techniques. Phase 1 was completed in early January 2014, and Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in late fall 2014. To date, this study has led to 17 technical reports. These reports are publically available on the following PHMSA website: http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/matrix/PrjHome.rdm?prj=390.

Instrumented Indentation Technique to Measure Flow Properties: A Novel Way to Enhance the Accuracy of Integrity Assessment

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Il Jang ◽  
Yeol Choi ◽  
Yun-Hee Lee ◽  
Jung-Suk Lee ◽  
Dongil Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Instrumented Indentation ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Indentation Technique ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Similar Vein ◽  
Non Destructive

While most in-field technologies for structural integrity diagnosis focus on precise crack detection, the instrumented indentation technique has emerged as one of the most practically useful technologies for non-destructive and quantitative in-field measurement of mechanical properties. In a similar vein, here an advanced indentation technique for determining tensile properties and its application to structural integrity assessment are introduced and discussed. This novel indentation technique can enhance the accuracy of fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment by application to failure assessment diagram (FAD) construction.

Validation of EMAT Technology for Gas Pipeline Crack Inspection

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kania ◽  
Stefan Klein ◽  
Jim Marr ◽  
Gabriela Rosca ◽  
Elvis SanJuan Riverol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electro Magnetic

The use of the Electro-Magnetic Acoustical Transducer (EMAT) technology for crack detection by In-Line Inspection (ILI) tools has increased over the last few years. Rigorous validation of the technology leading from the initial application of EMAT inline inspection tools through to determining Probability of Detection (POD) and Identification (POI) has contributed to improved confidence and reliability. EMAT results are being utilized to determine SCC valve section severity, to review and modify hydrostatic test schedules and intervals and could potentially be implemented as a viable alternative to hydrostatic testing. This paper describes the development of an EMAT ILI based program and the related validation process applied by the vendor, pipeline operator and in-ditch personnel. This process is illustrated by demonstrating the performance of the EMAT tool in two 20″ diameter natural gas pipelines which have a documented history of SCC. The tool identified hundreds of features in the two pipelines which were validated both in the ditch and via detailed anomaly sizing.

Study on Acceptable Risk for Oil and Gas Pipelines in China

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Jinheng Luo ◽  
Juanli Chen ◽  
Xinwei Zhao ◽  
Guangli Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Risk Criteria ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Integrity Management

Risk assessment is basis to put pipeline integrity management in practice and the acceptable risk level is important criteria to execute risk assessment and constitute maintenance safeguard. So it is very important to establish a rational and practicable acceptable criterion and present a specific acceptable risk level. It is just for this need that the present paper gave a review of all the available research around the acceptable risk level and analyzed various domestic and overseas standards and documentation concerning how to define the acceptable risk criteria. As a result, a criterion suitable for oil and gas pipeline was presented and recommended acceptable risk level was gave.

Applying Advanced Ultrasonic In-Line Inspection Technologies to Effectively Manage Hook Cracks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Wargacki ◽  
Wade Forshner ◽  
Rogelio Guajardo ◽  
Thomas Hennig
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Inspection Data ◽  
Pulse Echo

Abstract Axial cracking inspections have become common place on a global level within pipeline operator’s integrity management programs. As technology continues to improve, operators are presented with more accurate assessments of the assets that are in current operation. However as more information is collected more threats are being identified and need to be assessed in a manner that is more applicable to their specific morphology. It is well known that vintage ERW manufacturing techniques can suffer from a wide range of potential threats such as lack of fusion or inclusions within the steel forming hook cracks during the rolling and welding process. Current In-line inspection technologies that are designed to detect, Identify and size cracklike flaws in pipelines are very proficient at doing so. However, due to the physical principals of the Ultrasonic pulse echo technology, deep features approaching, or above pulse echo saturation amplitudes pose challenges in determining accurate depth sizing. In 2015 a Canadian pipeline operator determined the need to inspect one of their 16” assets for axial crack-like indications. During the analysis of this inspection data set, a number of saturated crack-like indications were reported. Saturated cracklike signals present a challenge to operators as they have to be considered in a conservative manner as 4mm or deeper which in turn leads to difficulties in the prioritization of resources associated with the excavation program. The operator approached NDT Global in 2017, after the release of NDT Global’s Enhanced sizing depth algorithm to reevaluate the features that were present in the previous crack inspection data set. Working together with the operator, NDT Global applied the Enhanced sizing methodology to all features of significance in the pipeline segment and compared the results to lab measurements and in field NDE measurements. The outcome of the reanalysis using the most up to date software algorithms utilizing enhanced sizing showed great benefits by increasing the accuracy of the crack depth sizing as NDT Global was now able to report full through wall depth sizing, however there were still some limitations on the ability to accurately size crack-like features as the primary threat is believed to be a result of hook cracks. As a final step in this program NDT Global was provided sample spools that were cut out of the pipeline segment to perform a pull testing campaign utilizing the newest crack detection technology that was specifically targeted towards accurately sizing tilted and skewed crack like features. The authors will briefly discuss the pipeline system and inspection campaign and in detail will discuss the benefits of using technology that has been developed to help pipeline operators better understand the threats in their integrity management program.

Fitness-for-Service Assessment for Weldments of the Natural Gas Pipeline by Using Failure Assessment Diagram

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Suk Lee ◽  
Jang-Bog Ju ◽  
Jae-il Jang ◽  
Dongil Kwon ◽  
Woo-sik Kim
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Service Workers ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Field Service ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
User Friendly

There are buried natural gas pipelines of which total length amounts to about 2.1×106m in Korea, and it is very important issue to evaluate FFS (Fitness-for-service) when a crack-like flaw was found in operating pipelines. But, the research about this had not yet been performed in Korea. So, this study constructed a FFS code appropriate to Korean natural gas pipeline through comparing and analyzing API 579 and BS 7910 that are lately. In addition, we developed the user-friendly software based on FFS code, so that field service workers who have little idea about fracture mechanics can use easily. The best merit of this code is that it is possible to evaluate FFS for welding HAZ in Korea natural gas pipeline.

Assessment and Management of SCC in a Liquid Pipeline: Case Study

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Cazenave ◽  
Samarth Tandon ◽  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ravi Krishnamurthy ◽  
Romina Peverelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Integrity Management

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a major concern for most gas and oil pipeline operators. Extensive efforts continue to be made to develop strategies for a better management of the problem. The quantification of the life cycle and risk of SCC rupture for a post inspection integrity assessment requires knowledge of (1) Quality of Inspection, namely POD (Probability of Detection), POI (Probability of Identification) and Actual Sizing Tolerance (2) Material and Metallurgy; (3) Appropriate Assessment Methods; and (4) Crack Growth Rates. Previous experience gained from the crack detection inspections showed POD and POI for deep cracks are generally high, with sizing limited up to 40% wt. The uncertainty in sizing for shallow cracks is usually higher, and may not meet the specified tolerance at a specified certainty and confidence level. POD, POI and sizing accuracy can be affected by the inspection operation including speed, other defects and geometry irregularity along the pipeline. Therefore, the qualification of the tool inspection performance directly impacts on the reliability of the assessment and serves as the basis for a reliable assessment. In this paper, an approach for managing high pH SCC in a 30″ × 340 Km oil pipeline in Mexico is presented. The approach consists of a comprehensive verification excavation plan, a strict in-ditch NDT investigation protocol, statistical models for POD, POI and sizing tolerance analyses, and an appropriate assessment methodology supported by the material testing program. With all the results obtained from application of the approach, the integrity management strategies are developed. An action plan for future integrity is established and being refined from time-to-time prior to next inspection.

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