Regulatory Next Steps in Addressing Pipeline Seam Weld Challenges

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Nanney
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Integrity Assurance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Since the beginning of pipeline transportation operations, pipe seam integrity and mitigation measures to prevent pipe seam leaks and failures have been a challenge for the industry and government regulators. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration’s (PHMSA) Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) has investigated leaks and failures, issued advisory bulletins, funded research projects, and developed regulations for integrity assurance of pipe seams during pipeline design, construction, and operations and maintenance (including integrity management). This report will discuss PHMSA’s pipe seam efforts to date, framing leak and failure history, past advisory bulletins, United States (U.S.) Legislative and Executive actions (statutory actions), recent U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) findings, accident investigation findings, and ongoing research for pipe long seam welds. PHMSA will review challenges and summarize past and possible future regulatory considerations based on the research findings to date and pipe seam incidents. In 2011 PHMSA initiated a long seam research project titled “Comprehensive Study to Understand Longitudinal ERW Seam Failures.” The program goals are to assist PHMSA in favorably closing U.S. NTSB Recommendations P-09-01 [1] and P-09-02 [1], which were issued after the Carmichael, Mississippi pipeline electric resistance welded (ERW) seam rupture, and recommended that PHMSA conduct a comprehensive study of ERW pipe properties and implement measures to assure that they do not fail in service. The research objectives for Phase 1 were to review current ERW seam integrity assessment methods (hydrostatic testing and in-line inspection using a crack-detection tool) to understand measures needed to consistently identify subcritical seam defects in order to act in time to prevent ERW seam ruptures. Phase 2 objectives are to develop hydrotest protocols, improve anomaly characterization criteria, develop seam defect growth models, and develop seam integrity management techniques. Phase 1 was completed in early January 2014, and Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in late fall 2014. To date, this study has led to 17 technical reports. These reports are publically available on the following PHMSA website: http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/matrix/PrjHome.rdm?prj=390.

scholarly journals The Role of Coping Strategies in Maintaining Well-Being During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062199059
Author(s):  
Joo Hyun Kim ◽  
Yerin Shim ◽  
Incheol Choi ◽  
Eunsoo Choi
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
The Individual

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose an unprecedented challenge for the world as people strive to cope with this significant threat to their well-being. This intensive longitudinal study of the first 94 days of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea (Phase 1: initial outbreak, Phase 2: intense social distancing) examined individuals’ changes in well-being, in relation to their use of coping strategies and fear of infection. A sample of 10,464 South Koreans participated in surveys during Phase 1 and Phase 2, resulting in 35,846 observations. Multilevel growth models revealed a decrease in well-being while different coping strategies moderated the individual rate of change in well-being. Although preventive measures were associated with a greater decrease in well-being, cognitive appraisal and behavioral strategies predicted stable well-being during the pandemic. Coping strategies further mediated the association between fear of infection and deterioration of well-being.

scholarly journals Using Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA) to Ensure Safety in the Preparation Process for Parenteral Nutrition Bags in Hospital Pharmacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Le Pêcheur ◽  
Laurence Spiesser-Robelet ◽  
Sandy Vrignaud
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Production Phase

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to use the Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA) method to assess the criticality of the different stages in the process of preparing parenteral nutrition bags for use in neonatal resuscitation and, if necessary, improve the handling of the process itself.: A functional analysis of the preparation process was carried out, and three main phases were identified: Phase 1 – Fielding the request; Phase 2 – Production; Phase 3 – Checks. Risks were mapped under 5 category headings (legal, environmental, physical, human and managerial). After the evaluation criteria had been identified, scenario descriptions were drawn up for each dangerous situation in order to ascertain the criticality level (C1–C3, C1 being the least critical) of the different risks and to seek out risk mitigation measures.: The PRA method identified 63 dangerous situations, 77.7 % of which had a very high level of vulnerability. The highest number of such situations was in the production phase. Seventy one scenarios were drawn up (19 for phase 1, 40 for phase 2 and 16 for phase 3, as the same scenario may occur in more than one phase). The study enabled a reduction in system criticalities: initially there were 6 C1 scenarios, 44 C2’s and 21 C3’s and following the study there were 45 C1’s, 26 C2’s and 0 C3 scenarios. The most significant initial risks were linked to environmental, managerial and human factors whilst the most significant residual risks were environmental or legal in nature.: PRA is a viable assessment method in the health sector and has enabled the establishment of new measures seeking to minimise risk levels in the preparation process of parenteral nutrition bags.

Advanced EMAT Crack Tool for Unpiggable Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Bondurant ◽  
Khalid Farrag ◽  
Haraprasad Kannajosyula ◽  
Maureen Droessler ◽  
Tony Mactutis
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Depth Sensitivity ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Pull Testing ◽  
Longitudinal Cracks

This paper presents the development and testing of an Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) sensor prototype to detect and quantify longitudinal cracks in small diameter and difficult to inspect or unpiggable gas pipelines. The development of the system was a collaborative and jointly-funded work between Quest Integrated, Gas Technology Institute, Operations Technology Development, and US DOT, Pipeline Hazardous Material Safety Admin (PHMSA). The initial focus for the project was to inspect 8-inch (200 mm) diameter pipes with robotic or tethered towing, with the eventual goal of a free-swimming tool. A bench scale lab prototype has been successfully completed and tested in Phase 1 of the project in 2016. The prototype demonstrated the basic approach of a EMAT tool for crack detection and sizing that could be packaged into a single module, had reasonable flaw depth sensitivity, was bidirectional, and could negotiate a 1.5 D bend. Phase 2 focused on identifying and solving additional implementation issues, developing a more hardened tool for field pull testing, improving flaw sizing, and the necessary internal electronics and processing algorithms. The prototype recently developed in Phase 2 was tested in an extended length of 8-inch diameter steel pipe with pre-set and controlled longitudinal cracks. The results demonstrated the applicability of the integrated prototype in locating and sizing multiple flaws in the axial direction. This paper discusses the EMAT sensor development and results of the laboratory testing program.

Assessment and Management of SCC in a Liquid Pipeline: Case Study

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Cazenave ◽  
Samarth Tandon ◽  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ravi Krishnamurthy ◽  
Romina Peverelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Integrity Management

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a major concern for most gas and oil pipeline operators. Extensive efforts continue to be made to develop strategies for a better management of the problem. The quantification of the life cycle and risk of SCC rupture for a post inspection integrity assessment requires knowledge of (1) Quality of Inspection, namely POD (Probability of Detection), POI (Probability of Identification) and Actual Sizing Tolerance (2) Material and Metallurgy; (3) Appropriate Assessment Methods; and (4) Crack Growth Rates. Previous experience gained from the crack detection inspections showed POD and POI for deep cracks are generally high, with sizing limited up to 40% wt. The uncertainty in sizing for shallow cracks is usually higher, and may not meet the specified tolerance at a specified certainty and confidence level. POD, POI and sizing accuracy can be affected by the inspection operation including speed, other defects and geometry irregularity along the pipeline. Therefore, the qualification of the tool inspection performance directly impacts on the reliability of the assessment and serves as the basis for a reliable assessment. In this paper, an approach for managing high pH SCC in a 30″ × 340 Km oil pipeline in Mexico is presented. The approach consists of a comprehensive verification excavation plan, a strict in-ditch NDT investigation protocol, statistical models for POD, POI and sizing tolerance analyses, and an appropriate assessment methodology supported by the material testing program. With all the results obtained from application of the approach, the integrity management strategies are developed. An action plan for future integrity is established and being refined from time-to-time prior to next inspection.

SCC Integrity Management for a Gas Pipeline Using a Combined Approach EW ILI, Calibration Excavation and FAD Analysis

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
Clint Garth ◽  
Ravi Krishnamurthy ◽  
Millan Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Wave ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integrity Management

Gas pipeline operators face significant challenges with respect to quantifying and managing SCC in gas pipelines. Following SCCDA excavations, SCC was found on one of TCPL’s gas pipelines. A combined approach was then introduced to manage SCC, which consists of comparison of two consecutive Elastic Wave Inspection Runs prioritization of excavations, refinement of ILI tool sizing performance, and remediation using a Fracture Mechanics based FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) methodology. The overall process from the ILI inspections to crack growth comparison, as well as integrity assessment and rehabilitation has demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach for SCC integrity management. In this paper, the history of the subjected pipeline segment is described. The concept of the approach is presented. The process of applying the approach to manage the pipeline integrity is outlined with examples for demonstration. The potential of utilizing this approach and process to other pipelines and crack detection ILI tools in gas pipelines in terms of POI, sizing, and excavation is discussed.

Rationalization and internalization

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Léon Beauvois
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
Dissonance Reduction

After having been told they were free to accept or refuse, pupils aged 6–7 and 10–11 (tested individually) were led to agree to taste a soup that looked disgusting (phase 1: initial counter-motivational obligation). Before tasting the soup, they had to state what they thought about it. A week later, they were asked whether they wanted to try out some new needles that had supposedly been invented to make vaccinations less painful. Agreement or refusal to try was noted, along with the size of the needle chosen in case of agreement (phase 2: act generalization). The main findings included (1) a strong dissonance reduction effect in phase 1, especially for the younger children (rationalization), (2) a generalization effect in phase 2 (foot-in-the-door effect), and (3) a facilitatory effect on generalization of internal causal explanations about the initial agreement. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between rationalization and internalization.

PENERAPAN MODEL QUANTUM LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AUTOCAD SISWA KELAS X TEKNIK PEMESINAN SMK NEGERI 1 STABAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hasan Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Quantum Learning

This classroom research was conducted on the autocad instructions to the first grade of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat aiming at : (1) improving the student’ archievementon autocad instructional to the student of mechinary architecture class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, (2) applying Quantum Learning Model to the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, arising the positive response to autocad subject by applying Quantum Learning Model of the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. The result shows that (1) by applying quantum learning model, the students’ achievement improves significantly. The improvement ofthe achievement of the 34 students is very satisfactory; on the first phase, 27 students passed (70.59%), 10 students failed (29.41%). On the second phase 27 students (79.41%) passed and 7 students (20.59%) failed. On the third phase 30 students (88.24%) passed and 4 students (11.76%) failed. The application of quantum learning model in SMK Negeri 1 Stabat proved satisfying. This was visible from the activeness of the students from phase 1 to 3. The activeness average of the students was 74.31% on phase 1,81.35% on phase 2, and 83.63% on phase 3. (3) The application of the quantum learning model on teaching autocad was very positively welcome by the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. On phase 1 the improvement was 81.53% . It improved to 86.15% on phase 3. Therefore, The improvement ofstudent’ response can be categorized good.

In situ deteriorating patient simulation in general practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. bjgp20X711425
Author(s):  
Joanna Lawrence ◽  
Petronelle Eastwick-Field ◽  
Anne Maloney ◽  
Helen Higham
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Patient Simulation ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Integrated Simulation ◽  
Deteriorating Patient

BackgroundGP practices have limited access to medical emergency training and basic life support is often taught out of context as a skills-based event.AimTo develop and evaluate a whole team integrated simulation-based education, to enhance learning, change behaviours and provide safer care.MethodPhase 1: 10 practices piloted a 3-hour programme delivering 40 minutes BLS and AED skills and 2-hour deteriorating patient simulation. Three scenarios where developed: adult chest pain, child anaphylaxis and baby bronchiolitis. An adult simulation patient and relative were used and a child and baby manikin. Two facilitators trained in coaching and debriefing used the 3D debriefing model. Phase 2: 12 new practices undertook identical training derived from Phase 1, with pre- and post-course questionnaires. Teams were scored on: team working, communication, early recognition and systematic approach. The team developed action plans derived from their learning to inform future response. Ten of the 12 practices from Phase 2 received an emergency drill within 6 months of the original session. Three to four members of the whole team integrated training, attended the drill, but were unaware of the nature of the scenario before. Scoring was repeated and action plans were revisited to determine behaviour changes.ResultsEvery emergency drill demonstrated improved scoring in skills and behaviour.ConclusionA combination of: in situ GP simulation, appropriately qualified facilitators in simulation and debriefing, and action plans developed by the whole team suggests safer care for patients experiencing a medical emergency.

Clinical Drug Development for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Collaboration With the Pharmaceutical Industry and Regulatory Agencies

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-219
Author(s):  
Robyn J. Barst
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Preclinical Testing ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Drug development is the entire process of introducing a new drug to the market. It involves drug discovery, screening, preclinical testing, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application in the US or a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) in the EU, phase 1–3 clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review and approval, and postapproval studies required for continuing safety evaluation. Preclinical testing assesses safety and biologic activity, phase 1 determines safety and dosage, phase 2 evaluates efficacy and side effects, and phase 3 confirms efficacy and monitors adverse effects in a larger number of patients. Postapproval studies provide additional postmarketing data. On average, it takes 15 years from preclinical studies to regulatory approval by the FDA: about 3.5–6.5 years for preclinical, 1–1.5 years for phase 1, 2 years for phase 2, 3–3.5 years for phase 3, and 1.5–2.5 years for filing the NDA and completing the FDA review process. Of approximately 5000 compounds evaluated in preclinical studies, about 5 compounds enter clinical trials, and 1 compound is approved (Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, 2011). Most drug development programs include approximately 35–40 phase 1 studies, 15 phase 2 studies, and 3–5 pivotal trials with more than 5000 patients enrolled. Thus, to produce safe and effective drugs in a regulated environment is a highly complex process. Against this backdrop, what is the best way to develop drugs for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), an orphan disease often rapidly fatal within several years of diagnosis and in which spontaneous regression does not occur?

scholarly journals A phase 1 and randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the safety and efficacy of the combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel with ontuxizumab (MORAb‐004) in metastatic soft‐tissue sarcomas

Cancer ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 125 (14) ◽  
pp. 2445-2454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L. Jones ◽  
Sant P. Chawla ◽  
Steven Attia ◽  
Patrick Schöffski ◽  
Hans Gelderblom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcomas ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Phase 2 Trial
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