scholarly journals Challenges in the Development of Market-Based Pipeline Investments

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo von Bassenheim ◽  
Mo Mohitpour ◽  
Darcy Klaudt ◽  
Andy Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
The Moment

Market-based pipeline projects are initiated by the pipeline-owning company and require focused attempts to secure a customer or develop a market for the product transportation. The development of Market-based pipeline investments in the international arena has fundamental differences from projects sponsored by consumer or pipeline user needs, government endeavors or producers desiring to sell their product. Whereas these User-driven projects were the traditional way of developing projects in the past, current global political and economical trends are forcing private pipeline companies to develop new ways of creating business opportunities: the development of Market-based Pipeline Projects. A proactive strategy for developing energy transmission businesses (i.e. market-based projects) involves finding sufficient energy users and linking them with pipeline infrastructure to viable supplies of natural gas. These Market-based business opportunities are uniquely developed and require strong corporate vision and support before it can be successfully implemented. This paper will provide an insight to the challenges, risks and uncertainties to be faced when developing Market-based pipeline projects. The discussion focuses on the project development phase of the project, from the moment the business opportunity viability has been confirmed to the time when the decision is made to proceed with large capital commitments. The paper includes a description of the pipeline project development process and a review of the variables influencing important steps and decisions prior to commencement of project implementation and hence capital investments. While the content of this paper is mostly applicable to all types of pipeline projects, the discussion will focus on natural gas transmission pipelines.

Development and Production of Heavy Gauge X80 and High Strength X90 Pipeline Steels Utilizing TMCP/Optimized Cooling Process

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guodong Zhang ◽  
Xuejun Bai ◽  
Douglas Stalheim ◽  
Shaopo Li ◽  
Wenhua Ding
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Pipeline Steel ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Plate Mill ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X80 Pipeline Steel ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Project

Along with the increasing demand of oil and natural gas by various world economies, the operating pressure of the pipeline is also increasing. Large diameter heavy wall X80 pipeline steel is widely used in the long distance high pressure oil and gas transportation in China today. In addition, development of X90/X100 has begun in earnest to support the growing energy needs of China. With the wide use of X80 steels, the production technology of this grade has become technically mature in the industry. Shougang Group Qinhuangdao Shouqin Metal Materials Co., Ltd. (SQS) since 2008 has been steadily developing heavier thicknesses and wider plate widths over the years. This development has resulted in stable mass production of X80 pipeline steel plate in heavy wall thicknesses for larger pipe OD applications. The technical specifications of X80 heavy wall thickness and X90/X100 14.8–19.6 mm wall thicknesses, large OD (48″) requiring wide steel plates for the 3rd West-to-East Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Project and the third line of Kazakhstan-China Main Gas Pipeline (The Middle Asia C Line) and the demonstration X90/X100 line (part of the 3rd West-East Project) in China required changes to the SQS plate mill process design. Considering the technology capability of steelmaking and the plate mill in SQS, a TMCP+OCP (Optimized Cooling Process) was developed to achieve stable X80 and X90/X100 mechanical properties in the steel plates while reducing alloy content. This paper will describe the chemistry, rolling process, microstructure and mechanical properties of X80 pipeline steel plates produced by SQS for 52,000 mT of for the 3rd West-to-East Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Project and 5,000 mT for the Middle Asia C Line Project along with 1000 tons of 16.3 mm X90/X100 for the 3rd West-East demonstration pipeline. The importance of the slab reheating process and rolling schedule will be discussed in the paper. In addition, the per pass reductions logic used during recrystallized rough rolling, and special emphasis on the reduction of the final roughing pass prior to the intermediate holding (transfer bar) resulting in a fine uniform prior austenite microstructure will be discussed. The optimized cooling (two phase cooling) application after finish rolling guarantees the steady control of the final bainitic microstructure with optimum MA phase for both grades. The plates produced by this process achieved good surface quality, had excellent flatness and mechanical properties. The pipes were produced via the JCOE pipe production process and had favorable forming properties and good weldability. Plate mechanical properties successfully transferred into the required final pipe mechanical properties. The paper will show that the TMCP+OCP produced X80 heavy wall and 16.3 mm X90 wide plates completely meet the technical requirements of the three pipeline projects.

Structural Design of Mountain Tunnels in the 3rd Pipeline Project of Natural Gas Transmission from West to East China

2014 ◽  
Vol 1049-1050 ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Jun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
East China ◽  
Concrete Lining ◽  
Tunnel Support ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Mountain Tunnels

This paper mainly summarizes the structural design of mountain tunnels used to lay natural gas pipes in the 3rd pipeline project of natural gas transmission from west to east China according to the main requirement of laying gas pipes in mountain tunnels supported with concrete lining in light of geological conditions of surrounding rock, the designed parameters for tunnel lining are presented and meanwhile, the installation of gas pipe is also illustrated in the paper. The type of laying gas pipe and designing of tunnel support in mountainous regions proposed in this paper can provide practicable guidance to the design and construction of oil and gas pipe tunnels under similar circumstances.

scholarly journals ANALISIS USAHA PENGOLAHAN KERUPUK IKAN TENGGIRI (Scomberomorus commersoni) SKALA RUMAH TANGGA DI KECAMATAN PULAU LAUT UTARA KABUPATEN KOTABARU PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Agustina Fakhrida ◽  
Emmy Sri Mahreda ◽  
Rina Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Analytical Calculation ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
The Many ◽  
Feasibility Test

The aim of this study was to analyze the advantages mackerel fish cracker business, analyze the feasibility crackers mackerel, and analyze business opportunities in the district crackers mackerel North Sea island of Kotabaru district. This study was carried out in the district of Sea Island Utara Kabupaten Kotabaru. This study took place starting in February 2015 until April 2015, ranging from consulting research proposal, the conduct of research, data collection and data analysis to preparing reports. Research conducted purposively (intentionally) by the consideration that the districts are one of the industrial center's mackerel Fish Crackers manufacture of household scale. In the District of North Sea island amounted to 6 industrialists mackerel fish crackers. Data analysis included analysis of profits, business feasibility analysis, and analysis of business opportunities. The results showed a mackerel fish cracker processing business households in the district-scale North Sea island Kotabaru District profitable. By using the analytical calculation of the advantage of total revenues minus total expenses results are favorable. Mackerel fish cracker processing business household scale in the District of North Sea island of Kotabaru district eligible to try for. Feasibility test results were analyzed by calculating the NPV at the time 12%, Net BCR 12% and 12.45% IRR at the time showed that mackerel fish cracker processing business households in the district-scale North Sea island of Kotabaru district deserve to be developed and expanded. Mackerel fish cracker processing business households in the district-scale North Sea island of Kotabaru district has a very bright business opportunity in the past to the future. It is seen from a greater demand from consumers is about 7000 packs of offers from manufacturers about 5000 packs. Seen when the price of mackerel increased market demand was still high. Judging also from the many days and they produce fish crackers in a month and always sold out.

A Structural Change in the Global Pharmaceutical Marketplace

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Tempest
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
New Chemical Entities ◽  
Generic Strategy ◽  
The Moment

Asia is becoming a centre of gravity for global business. As a result of this, there is a growing interest in investment in this area, and pharmaceutical companies are not an exception. The old research and development investment model of the Western Big Pharma companies is starting to fall apart with the well-publicised reduction of new chemical entities productivity. Big Pharma is rethinking its business opportunities. Today, 88 per cent of the world's pharmaceuticals are shared between only 18 per cent of the world's population, which means that 82 per cent of the world's population has access to only 12 per cent of the world's pharmaceuticals. This presents a unique business opportunity for those that can seize the moment. Within this context, we are witnessing the use of different strategies by pharmaceutical companies. Some Big Pharma companies have a generic strategy, some have a developing world strategy, some have an outsource strategy and others have all three. The current mergers and acquisitions of pharmaceutical companies in India portray these structural profound changes.

Study on Low Application Temperature Process of Three Layer Polyethylene Coating

2011 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 176-179
Author(s):  
Huai Qi Shao ◽  
Xiao Yan Guo ◽  
Tao Jiang ◽  
Qi Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Coating Process ◽  
Coating Properties ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Polyethylene Coating ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Welded Pipe ◽  
Coating Temperature

The mechanical property of X80 longitudinally welded pipe, as part pipeline for second west-east natural gas transmission pipeline project, is disadvantageously affected by normal coating process of three layer polyethylene coating(3LPE). The low application temperature process of three layer polyethylene coating coated at 185~195°C was studied to meet the requirement of the coating temperature of X80 longitudinally welded pipe. The suitable epoxy powders and coating process were determined by evaluating coating properties of varied epoxy powders. The properties of 3LPE, which was coated by using suitable low temperature cured epoxy powder at temperature of 185~195°C, were nearly same to the ones of 3LPE at the normal coating temperature (200~230°C) and meet the requirement of external anti-corrosion properties of X80 longitudinally welded pipe. According to the results, a criteria was provided to CNPC and applied to project of second west-east natural gas transmission pipeline.

The Alliance Pipeline: A Design Shift in Long Distance Gas Transmission

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd S. Janzen ◽  
W. Norval Horner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Energy Companies

Competition in the natural gas industry grows steadily. The demand for natural gas transportation has typically exceeded the capability of the existing natural gas pipelines within Canada for several years. Even though intense competition exists with producing and marketing natural gas, limited transportation options limits the business opportunities available for energy companies. This competitive spirit is driving the Alliance Pipeline Project. Once the pipeline is complete, producers will have an additional transportation option to move their products to Chicago, Illinois, which is emerging as an important business hub for natural gas marketing. Designing and constructing a natural gas pipeline in the late 1990’s will allow Alliance Pipeline Limited the ability to implement the latest technology into all aspects of the design.

The Development of X80 Steel Plate and Coil for the 2nd West-East Pipeline Project

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqun Yin ◽  
Yixin Huang ◽  
Yongkuan Yao ◽  
Daoyuan Wang ◽  
Yonglong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Round Bar ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Growing Economy

The growing economy of China has resulted in an increase in energy demands. This increased demand for energy has resulted in plans to expand the oil and gas transmission pipeline infrastructure throughout China. This transmission pipeline infrastructure expansion demands higher strength steels of API grade X70 and X80 for economical movement of the oil and gas. With most of the major natural gas supply in countries to the west of China and the major population centers of China in the east, long distant transmission pipelines from west to east have been built with additional capacity being designed. The first major natural gas transmission pipeline, 1st West-East Pipeline was API X70. A parallel mainline of approximately 4950 km with 8 sub lines resulting in an overall total length of approximately 8800 km is being designed for construction in 2008. This line will be the 2nd West-East Pipeline Project and will be built out of API X80. The major dimension of this line is 1219 mm OD × 18.4 mm wall thickness. Nanjing Iron and Steel Company (NISCO) in Nanjing, China commissioned a wide plate/coil Steckel mill in 2004 and has successfully developed API grades in plate and coil for the Chinese pipeline industry. Since 2004 NISCO has successfully ramped up production to where in 2007 anticipated delivery of API plate and coil will be approximately 350,000 mT. Over that time period NISCO has been developing API X80 plate and coil capabilities in anticipation of the 2nd West-East Pipeline Project. The 2nd West-East Pipeline specification major requirements for coil and plate mechanical properties include round bar tensile testing, YT maximum of 0.93 for round bar, ≥ 240 J @ −20 °C average TCVN and ≥ 85% DWTT shear average @ −15 °C. During the development process two alloy approaches have been identified for plate and coil to produce the ferrite/acicular ferrite microstructure required for API X80 pipe. This paper will describe Nanjing Iron and Steel Company’s development and results to produce API grade X80 plate and coil that successfully met the specification requirements of the 2nd West-East Pipeline Project.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

Five Years and Count(er)ing: Memoir after Memoir

CounterText ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Norbert Bugeja
Keyword(s):  
Guest Editor ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Perspectives ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Ongoing Project

In this retrospective piece, the Guest Editor of the first number of CounterText (a special issue titled Postcolonial Springs) looks back at the past five years from various scholarly and personal perspectives. He places particular focus on an event that took place mid-way between the 2011 uprisings across a number of Arab countries and the moment of writing: the March 2015 terror attack on the Bardo National Museum in Tunis, which killed twenty-two people and had a profound effect on Tunisian popular consciousness and that of the post-2011 Arab nations. In this context, the author argues for a renewed perspective on memoir as at once a memorial practice and a political gesture in writing, one that exceeds concerns of genre and form to encompass an ongoing project of political re-cognition following events that continue to remap the agenda for the region. The piece makes a brief final pitch for Europe's need to re-cognise, within those modes of ‘articulacy-in-difficulty’ active on its southern borders, specific answers to its own present quandaries.

INSTITUTE OF TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Komiljonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Jury System ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment

The article examines the Genesis of the institution of jury trial in the Russian Empire from the moment of its introduction to the end of the Provisional government. It is noted that the emergence of a trial with the participation of jurors was influenced by Western models of the judicial process, and the forms of participation of citizens in the administration of justice that previously existed on the territory of the Russian state were taken into account. The role that the jury system has played with some success in the search for truth, justice, and the implementation of effective and independent justice in the past centuries is particularly highlighted.

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