The Alliance Pipeline: A Design Shift in Long Distance Gas Transmission

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd S. Janzen ◽  
W. Norval Horner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Energy Companies

Competition in the natural gas industry grows steadily. The demand for natural gas transportation has typically exceeded the capability of the existing natural gas pipelines within Canada for several years. Even though intense competition exists with producing and marketing natural gas, limited transportation options limits the business opportunities available for energy companies. This competitive spirit is driving the Alliance Pipeline Project. Once the pipeline is complete, producers will have an additional transportation option to move their products to Chicago, Illinois, which is emerging as an important business hub for natural gas marketing. Designing and constructing a natural gas pipeline in the late 1990’s will allow Alliance Pipeline Limited the ability to implement the latest technology into all aspects of the design.

Research on Pricing Formulation Method for Long Distance Natural Gas Pipeline Network Transporting

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Li ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Minghua Zhao ◽  
Chengwen Qian ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Transportation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Pipeline Network ◽  
Pricing Mechanism ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Natural Gas Industry

With the completion of the second line project of West-East Gas Transmission in 2011, the third line of West-East Gas Transmission will be started soon and the fourth line and the fifth line will be started in recent five years. China will form one of the largest natural gas pipeline network in the world. The gas supply mode will be changed from single gas source and single-pipeline supply to multi-source and multi-pipeline supply through regulation and coordination, which will impact on existing pricing mechanism and operation mode of Chinese natural gas industry violently. Depending on the development trend of natural gas pipeline network, the regionalization management mode of natural gas pipeline will be implemented gradually. Chinese natural gas industry also needs to develop a new-type market-oriented operation mode with clear interfaces between production, transportation, distribution and customers so as to facilitate the optimal allocation of resources. By the customized scientific research of CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation), combining with existing pricing mechanism of natural gas pipeline and economic characteristics of long-distance natural gas pipeline transportation in China, the paper studied the pricing mechanism problem of combined transportation of multi-source and mutli-pipeline gas supply in the regionalization management mechanism, presented the idea of pricing formulation method of two kinds of pipeline network transportation based on standard rates of pipeline transportation and service cost rules, formed pricing formulation system of natural gas pipeline transportation, introduced the design idea, structural construction, distribution method and key points of natural gas pipeline transportation in details, and demonstrated the methods by example calculation. The methods presented in the paper can meet the pricing requirements of natural gas pipeline network transportation, remedy the defect in existing price accounting mechanism, solve the problem that the income and expenses among different interest bodies are not balanced, and facilitate the rapid development of natural gas pipeline business.

Risk Assessment of Incidents Response for Downstate New York Natural Gas Distribution Infrastructure

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-65
Author(s):  
Brian J. Galli ◽  
Aamir Khizar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
New York ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Natural Gas Industry

In the United States today, there are thousands of miles of an extended network of natural gas pipelines across the nation. Current pipeline explosions and leaks in several regions have challenged the natural gas industry to re-evaluate efforts and to pursue proactive strategies. Safety and the environmental threat has become a primary concern in the United States and around the world, but mostly in cases where natural gases, oil, and other hazardous wastes are intricate. Thus, a significant point in the natural gas pipeline industry that signifies both the economic and social issue is the unplanned pipeline risk. In this article, a quantitative data analysis was performed for Downstate New York companies, Con Edison and National Grid. There, the data from various natural gas pipelines was observed for the trend regarding failing material, failure cause, aging characteristics, and perform a risk assessment to come up with training and risk checklist that could be crucial for risk handling strategies. The statistical analyses of the natural gas pipeline-related incident data for distribution pipelines between 2012 and 2016, which were composed from Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), are compiled. The total miles in the gas distribution pipelines in downstate New York is approximately 48,539 as of 2016. The equipment failure, other incident cause, other outside force, and excavation damages are the leading causes of the pipe-related incidents, which are responsible for over 20% of the total incidents between 2012 and 2016. As a result, a quantitative research methodology has been developed as the suitable approach to achieve risk assessment. Mainly, this approach aims towards risk management in natural gas industry projects using the maximum likelihood method on 70 rupture incidents between 2012 and 2016, which were collected from the PHMSA pipeline incident database. The hypothetical quantitative risk assessment of the gas distribution pipelines are illustrated by combining the statistics of the pipeline rupture incidents, as well as risk assessment performed in the present study.

Steady State Performance Simulation of Natural Gas Pipeline Driven by Compressor Stations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Suleiman ◽  
Y. G. Li
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pumping Stations

Natural gas pipeline plays an important role in transporting natural gas over a long distance. Its performance and operating behavior are affected by many factors, such as ambient conditions, natural gas flow rate, operation and control of compressor pumping stations, etc. Better understanding of the performance and behavior of an integrated pipeline-compressor system used for gas transmission will be beneficial to both design and operation of natural gas pipelines. This paper introduces a novel steady-state thermodynamic performance simulation approach for natural gas pipelines based on fundamental thermodynamics with the inclusion of the coupling between a pipeline and compressor pumping stations. A pipeline resistance model, a compressor performance model characterized by an empirical compressor map and a pipeline control schedule for the operation of an integrated pipeline-compressor system are included in the simulation approach. The novel approach presented in this paper allows the analysis of the thermodynamic coupling between compressors and pipes and the off-design performance analysis of the integrated pipeline-compressor system. The introduced simulation approach has been applied to the performance simulation of a typical model pipeline driven by multiple centrifugal compressor pumping stations. It is assumed in the pipeline control schedule that the total pressure at the inlet of compressor stations is kept constant when pipeline operating condition changes. Such pipeline operating conditions include varying ambient temperature and varying natural gas volumetric flow rate. The performance behavior of the pipeline corresponding to the change of operating conditions has been successfully simulated. The introduced pipeline performance simulation approach is generic and can be applied to different pipeline-compressor systems.

Connecting the dots: NOx emissions along a West Siberian natural gas pipeline.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald van der A ◽  
Jos de Laat ◽  
Henk Eskes ◽  
Jieying Ding
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

<p><span><span>New TROPOMI (Sentinel 5P) high quality satellite measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) over snow-covered regions of Siberia reveal previously undocumented but significant nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub> = NO + NO<sub>2</sub>) emissions associated with the natural gas industry in Western Siberia. Besides gas drilling and natural gas power plants, also gas compressor stations for the transport of natural gas are sources of high amounts of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, which are emitted in otherwise pristine regions. The emissions from these remote gas compressor stations are at least an order of magnitude larger than those reported for North American gas compressor stations, possibly related to less stringent environmental regulations in Siberia compared to the United States. This discovery was made possible thanks to a newly developed technique for discriminating snow covered surfaces from clouds, which for the first time allows for satellite measurements of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns over large boreal snow-covered areas. This results in 23% more TROPOMI observations on an annual basis. Furthermore, these observations have a precision four times better than nearly any TROPOMI observation over other areas and surfaces around the world. These new results highlight the potential of TROPOMI on Sentinel 5P as well as future satellite missions for monitoring small-scale emissions</span></span></p>

Reliability Calculation Method for Natural Gas Pipelines with Girth Weld Defects Identified through In-Line Inspection

2019 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Fei Li ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Zheng Qiang Lei ◽  
Hong Long Zheng ◽  
Zai Rong Li
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Weld Defects ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Reliability Assessments

To introduce a method for reliability analysis of China's large-scale natural gas pipeline system, one should first have a method to calculate the reliability of pipe segments, compressors, valves, and other factors. This article models the rules prescribed in BS7910-2013, a guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures, and combines pipeline reliability assessments from CSA Z662-2015 to present a method (based on the Monte Carlo method) to calculate the failure probability/reliability of long-distance pipelines containing a large number of girth weld defects. The method involves the destruction of plastic material, brittle fracture failure analysis, consideration of the division of units by using pipeline area classes for calculation, and reliability index analysis. The results of a magnetic flux leakage (MFL) in-line inspection (ILI) of a defective girth weld from a section of a pipeline in China are used to demonstrate how to determine the reliability of the entire pipeline.

Multi-Factor and Polymorphism Failure Probability Calculation for Natural Gas Pipelines

2013 ◽  
Vol 401-403 ◽  
pp. 2170-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Ping Yang ◽  
Yong Mei Hao ◽  
Zhi Xiang Xing
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Quantitative Calculation ◽  
Failure State ◽  
Probability Calculation

A Bayesian network quantitative calculation model for urban natural gas pipelines was established by using the unique logic of a Bayesian network in handling complicated risk systems. By using a natural gas pipeline as an example, failure situations such as single factor polymorphism, double factor polymorphism, and multi-factor polymorphism of a pipeline were quantitatively calculated to obtain the probability of top events and the structural importance of basic factors. The proposed method not only reflects clearly the effects of different factors but also predicts the failure state of urban natural gas pipelines comprehensively and accurately. The results of the proposed method can serve as a significant reference for the risk management and fault processing of city natural gas pipelines.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Volumetric Flow Rate Requirement of Hydrogen Transportation in Existing Natural Gas Pipelines and Its Safety Implications

Gases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-179
Author(s):  
Abubakar Jibrin Abbas ◽  
Hossein Hassani ◽  
Martin Burby ◽  
Idoko Job John
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Compressibility Factor ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Internal Erosion ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Wide Range

As an alternative to the construction of new infrastructure, repurposing existing natural gas pipelines for hydrogen transportation has been identified as a low-cost strategy for substituting natural gas with hydrogen in the wake of the energy transition. In line with that, a 342 km, 36″ natural gas pipeline was used in this study to simulate some technical implications of delivering the same amount of energy with different blends of natural gas and hydrogen, and with 100% hydrogen. Preliminary findings from the study confirmed that a three-fold increase in volumetric flow rate would be required of hydrogen to deliver an equivalent amount of energy as natural gas. The effects of flowing hydrogen at this rate in an existing natural gas pipeline on two flow parameters (the compressibility factor and the velocity gradient) which are crucial to the safety of the pipeline were investigated. The compressibility factor behaviour revealed the presence of a wide range of values as the proportions of hydrogen and natural gas in the blends changed, signifying disparate flow behaviours and consequent varying flow challenges. The velocity profiles showed that hydrogen can be transported in natural gas pipelines via blending with natural gas by up to 40% of hydrogen in the blend without exceeding the erosional velocity limits of the pipeline. However, when the proportion of hydrogen reached 60%, the erosional velocity limit was reached at 290 km, so that beyond this distance, the pipeline would be subject to internal erosion. The use of compressor stations was shown to be effective in remedying this challenge. This study provides more insights into the volumetric and safety considerations of adopting existing natural gas pipelines for the transportation of hydrogen and blends of hydrogen and natural gas.

scholarly journals Analysis of a model of a natural gas pipeline—a transfer function approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Baker ◽  
Dieter Armbruster ◽  
Anna Scaglione ◽  
Rodrigo B Platte
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Linear Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Electric Transmission Lines ◽  
Dependent Flow

Abstract A framework for natural gas pipelines is developed in a context similar to the theory of electric transmission lines. The system of semi-linear partial differential equations describing the time-dependent flow of natural gas is linearized around the steady-state flow. Additional approximations lead to a constant coefficient linear system that is equivalent to an electrical circuit that is analytically solvable and admits an ABCD matrix representation of input and output. The sinusoidal steady-state operation of natural gas pipelines is analysed including the distortion of waves. It is shown that the timing of the propagation of phases and other events is accurately represented in the approximation. The quantitative accuracy for flux and gas density of the approximation depending on different operating scenarios and depending on the frequency of the disturbances is documented.

Powering of Natural Gas Pipelines

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Station Fuel

An expression is developed for natural gas pipeline flow in terms of station power rather than the usual differences in the squares of the pressures, thus making it possible to directly evaluate the relative worth of power addition to existing lines or evaluate pipe versus power for new lines. Specific power requirements in terms of power per unit flow are combined with engine fuel requirements, making it possible to express station fuel consumed as a percentage of gas pumped, thus providing a figure of merit for various power plant-compressor systems. It is pointed out that with increasing gas costs and higher flow systems, the use of an axial flow gas line compressor should be examined because of the promise of higher efficiency obtainable with such a machine.

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