Reverse Engineering the Structure and Function of the Allegheny Mound Ant Neck (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formica, Exsectoides)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vienny N. Nguyen ◽  
Blaine W. Lilly ◽  
Carlos E. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Load Path ◽  
Supporting Surface ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Formica Exsectoides ◽  
Sem Imaging ◽  
Heavy Loads ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mass Loads

Insects as mechanical systems have been optimized for form and function over millions of years. Ants, in particular, can lift and carry extremely heavy loads relative to their body mass. Loads are lifted with the mouthparts, transferred through the neck joint to the thorax, and distributed over six legs and feet that anchor to the supporting surface. While previous research efforts have explored attachment mechanisms of the feet, little is known about the mechanical design of the neck — the single joint that connects the load path from the thorax to the head. This work combines mechanical testing, computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, and computational modeling to better understand the mechanical structure-function relation of the ant neck joint.

Form and Function of Mediterranean Shrublands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Esler ◽  
Anna L. Jacobsen ◽  
R. Brandon Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Leaf Type ◽  
Evergreen Shrub ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
And Function

The archetypal shrub type that dominates most of the regions that experience mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is an evergreen shrub with thick and leathery leaves (sclerophyllous). The occurrence of large stands of such shrubs in all MTC regions led early biogeographers to hypothesize that the MTC selects for this growth form and leaf type and that this had led to convergent evolution (see Chapters 1 and 2). This hypothesis has received considerable research interest and continues to be examined. In this chapter we consider the structure and physiology of these archetypal MTC region shrub species and examine evidence for convergent evolution in their structure and function. We also assess the key adaptive traits that enable the shrub species that compose mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV) communities to thrive in MTC regions.

scholarly journals STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI LAGU BANJAR KARYA H. ANANG ARDIANSYAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamariah Kamariah ◽  
Ngalimun Ngalimun
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Data ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Function ◽  
Descriptive Method

The purpose of this research is to study the structure and function of the Banjar regionalsongs. Besides carrying out the mission of revitalizing Banjar culture which has begun tobecome extinct along with the times. This research uses descriptive method so the results of thisstudy are the results of research on Banjar by H. Anang Ardiansyah. For accurate andunderstandable analysis data, this study uses an objective method, which is based on the literarywork itself. This method is expected to reveal the form and function contained in the Banjarsong.The structure of the Banjar song by H. Anang Ardiansyah can be changed into two,namely the repetition of parts and repetition with changes. Bait full repeat loop. Repetition withthe changes requested in the repetition of feedback in the first few lines is the same, but inseveral lines after the change in feedback. This research also succeeded in formulating fourfunctions of the Banjar song, namely the function of educating or helping, entertaining,criticizing, and expressing feelings.

Development of an Optimum Variable-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine Mechanism From the Viewpoint of Kinematic Structure

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Freudenstein ◽  
E. R. Maki
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Search Procedure ◽  
Kinematic Structure ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stroke Engine

The method of separation of kinematic structure and function has been used in the development of an optimum variable-stroke engine mechanism for automotive power plants. A systematic search procedure resulted in the structures of 39 mechanisms, one of which was judged optimal (U.S. Patent No. 4,270,495—reference [13]). The prior art, as disclosed in a number of patents and other publications, was evaluated and shown to be either included in the mechanisms created in the course of the search, or deliberately excluded by the search specification. The general nature of the approach, which combines mathematical and creative approaches, is believed to be useful in mechanical design.

scholarly journals Principles and procedures of orofacial examination

1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Robert Mason
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Guidelines ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Systematic Examination ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
And Function ◽  
Provide Background Information

This article discusses various principles and clinical guidelines for a systematic examination of the structure and function of the orofacial areas. The article is intended to provide background information and an examination framework for the clinician who is concerned with describing oral form and function.

Analyzing structure and function in humor: Preliminary sketch of a message-centered model

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Miczo
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Preference Organization ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Function ◽  
Conversational Sequences

AbstractUtilizing Attardo's general theory of verbal humor and Meyer's rhetorical functions of humor, as well as insights from conversation analysis, this paper presents a model linking form and function in conversational humor. In the model, an initial pair of incongruous scripts (i.e., a script opposition) is activated as membership categories are referenced in the set-up. The punch- or jab-line introduces a second script opposition that “resolves” or makes sense out of the first opposition in terms of preference organization (presenting either a preferred or dispreferred response). When examining conversational humor, those preferences have implications in terms of uniting or dividing interlocutors. If the resolution aligns with the preferred entity/activity of the set-up, then the effect should be unifying. If the resolution does not align (i.e., is dispreferred), then the effect should be divisive. The model is used to analyze two jokes and two conversational sequences.

Facilitated Hexose Transporters: New Perspectives on Form and Function

Physiology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei R. Manolescu ◽  
Kate Witkowska ◽  
Adam Kinnaird ◽  
Tara Cessford ◽  
Chris Cheeseman
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Kinetic Behavior ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Hexose Transporters ◽  
And Function ◽  
Recent Sequencing

The recent sequencing of the human genome has resulted in the addition of nine new hGLUT isoforms to the SLC2A family, many of which have widely varying substrate specificity, kinetic behavior, and tissue distribution. This review examines some new hypotheses related to the structure and function of these proteins.

scholarly journals THE MELDING OF FORM AND FUNCTION

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Winkelman
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Process Planning ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
And Function ◽  
Machining Operations

The engineering design process is traditionally modelled as proceeding from the functional domain to the physical domain. Function thus represents more abstract concepts and the form or structure resulting from the design process as the more concrete. A comparison of mechanical design with process planning, however, reveals that this model does not apply to all areas of engineering design. In mechanical design, engineers select those forms they believe will perform the desired function; in process planning, engineers select those functions (i.e., machining operations) they believe will create the desired form. This reversal of form and function raises important issues concerning how engineering design should be modelled as form and function may not be as distinct as the traditional model of engineering design might suggest. This paper is an initial exploration to better understand the nature and the implications of this "reversibility". Potential benefactors of this research are computerized design tools which use form and function to aid designers. By building upon a framework which supports both the mechanical design and the process planning perspectives, the design tool promises to better serve the needs of its users.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

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