Development of an Optimum Variable-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine Mechanism From the Viewpoint of Kinematic Structure

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Freudenstein ◽  
E. R. Maki
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Search Procedure ◽  
Kinematic Structure ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stroke Engine

The method of separation of kinematic structure and function has been used in the development of an optimum variable-stroke engine mechanism for automotive power plants. A systematic search procedure resulted in the structures of 39 mechanisms, one of which was judged optimal (U.S. Patent No. 4,270,495—reference [13]). The prior art, as disclosed in a number of patents and other publications, was evaluated and shown to be either included in the mechanisms created in the course of the search, or deliberately excluded by the search specification. The general nature of the approach, which combines mathematical and creative approaches, is believed to be useful in mechanical design.

Reverse Engineering the Structure and Function of the Allegheny Mound Ant Neck (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formica, Exsectoides)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vienny N. Nguyen ◽  
Blaine W. Lilly ◽  
Carlos E. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Load Path ◽  
Supporting Surface ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Formica Exsectoides ◽  
Sem Imaging ◽  
Heavy Loads ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mass Loads

Insects as mechanical systems have been optimized for form and function over millions of years. Ants, in particular, can lift and carry extremely heavy loads relative to their body mass. Loads are lifted with the mouthparts, transferred through the neck joint to the thorax, and distributed over six legs and feet that anchor to the supporting surface. While previous research efforts have explored attachment mechanisms of the feet, little is known about the mechanical design of the neck — the single joint that connects the load path from the thorax to the head. This work combines mechanical testing, computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, and computational modeling to better understand the mechanical structure-function relation of the ant neck joint.

Part I Financial Markets, 1 Financial Markets and Exchanges

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
General Nature ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Financial Technology

This chapter considers the development and nature of markets and exchanges, including their origin, evolution, expansion, structure, and function of markets and exchanges. It analyses the content and operation of financial markets and instruments, the relationship between capital and stock markets, and other financial markets. It also examines the structural and operational issues of the nature and function of markets and exchanges. This chapter reviews the nature and impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) and Regulatory Technology (RegTech). It refers to the general nature and impact of the global financial crisis and recent Coronavirus crisis, as well the shape and structure of the new international, regional, and national responses.

Kinematic Structural and Functional Analysis of Wobble-Plate Engines

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yu ◽  
Ting W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Type Synthesis ◽  
Optimization Criteria ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
And Function

This paper concerns the development of a procedure for systematic searching for mechanisms, classifying them, and screening for the optimum mechanism structure for wobble-plate engines. It includes two parts. The first part is on kinematic structural analysis, including the development of a procedure for the structure classification of 150 mechanisms obtained as a result of an exhaustive search from the prior arts, as disclosed in nearly 1000 patents between 1874 and 1982, and other publications. The second part is on functional analysis, which screens for an optimum design based on a set of judgment criteria. Such optimization criteria are developed in this paper and applied to a group of representative mechanisms derived from the structure analysis. Recommendations such as design guidelines are presented. The general nature of the approach—following the method of separation of kinematic structure and function [1] and combining mathematical approach and design heuristics—is demonstrated here in the case of wobble-plate engine mechanisms and is believed to be useful in type synthesis and design of mechanisms of realistic complexity.

Kinematic Structure of Mechanisms for Fixed and Variable-Stroke Axial-Piston Reciprocating Machines

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Freudenstein ◽  
E. R. Maki
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Kinematic Structure ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Double Frequency ◽  
Swash Plate ◽  
And Function ◽  
Axial Piston

The creation of mechanisms according to the separation of kinematic structure and function has been carried out for a class of three-dimensional mechanisms suitable for conversion between rotary and reciprocating motion in axial engines, pumps and compressors. The structural and kinematic classification of such mechanisms has been established and a suitable search specification formulated with its aid. The resulting search has yielded fifty linkage configurations which have been determined to be possible candidates for such motions. These have four links, one degree-of-freedom and incorporate rotary, sliding, cylindrical, ball, and plane joints. Eleven of these linkages show sufficient promise to be considered for additional evaluation. Several of the linkages have a double-frequency motion of the floating link which would be suitable for a swash-plate drive. These linkages appear to be particularly promising because the double-frequency motion would reduce the stroke and swash-plate speed by one-half compared to a conventional swash-plate drive of the same displacement.

scholarly journals A Methodology for Conceptual Design of Mechanisms by Parsing Design Specifications

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dar-Zen Chen ◽  
Wei-Ming Pai
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Kinematic Chain ◽  
Kinematic Structure ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Design Constraints ◽  
Structural Requirements ◽  
Design Specifications ◽  
Stroke Engine

In this paper, design specifications for the conceptual design of mechanisms are parsed into three coherent categories: functional requirements, structural requirements, and design constraints. Based on functional requirements, the functioning kinematic chain of a mechanism can be constructed by connecting the functioning links accordingly. From structural requirements, admissible kinematic structures are searched from the existing atlases of kinematic structures. Those admissible kinematic structures, which comprise at least one segment with the same characteristics of the functioning kinematic chain, are identified as compatible kinematic structures. Thus, feasible mechanisms that fulfill design specifications can be yielded by labeling joints in the compatible kinematic structures subject to design constraints. With this methodology, classified design specifications are used to guide designer through various stages of the conceptual design process in a systematic manner. The creation of the variable-stroke engine mechanism [Freudenstein, F., Maki, E. R., 1983, “Development of an Optimum Variable-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine Mechanism From the Viewpoint of Kinematic Structure,” ASME J. Mech., Trans., Automat., Des., Vol. 105, pp. 259–267] is used as an illustrative example.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

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