Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Transient Operation During Ship Maneuvering

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Dahms ◽  
Michael Reska ◽  
Marko Püschel ◽  
Jürgen Nocke ◽  
Egon Hassel
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Transient Operation ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Ship Maneuvering ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Chemical Reaction Kinetics

The following article details a method for the optimization and improved use of the internal combustion engine as main propulsion. The focus here is not on new propulsion systems or combustion processes, but on the characterization of the typical usage of existing systems in order to enable better utilization. As one major potential for improvement, the transient machinery operation is examined and discussed in this article. Higher fuel consumption and higher emissions occur compared with stationary engine operation in that operation mode. Experimental data from test bed (“Caterpillar MaK 6M20”) measurements are presented which explain the consequences of transient operation. Furthermore, appropriate analyzing methods to evaluate this operation mode are shown. Finally, a modelling approach is presented using the data for calibration and validation of an engine simulation model. The most significant part to predict real transient efficiency and emissions is the in-cylinder process and especially its combustion process. Therefore, the simulation model does not use engine maps but a mostly physically based engine model by using thermodynamic approaches and chemical reaction kinetics. The specific application of that simulation model for four-stroke medium-speed engines covers the behavior of transient operation during ship maneuverings since it is developed for integration into a ship engine simulator.

Application of a Phenomenological Model for the Engine-Out Emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbons in Driving Cycles

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Dorsch ◽  
Jens Neumann ◽  
Christian Hasse
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Model ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Piston Crevice ◽  
Engine Map

In this work, the application of a phenomenological model to determine engine-out hydrocarbon (HC) emissions in driving cycles is presented. The calculation is coupled to a physical-based simulation environment consisting of interacting submodels of engine, vehicle, and engine control. As a novelty, this virtual calibration methodology can be applied to optimize the energy conversion inside a spark-ignited (SI) internal combustion engine at transient operation. Using detailed information about the combustion process, the main origins and formation mechanisms of unburned HCs like piston crevice, oil layer, and wall quenching are considered in the prediction, as well as the in-cylinder postoxidation. Several parameterization approaches, especially, of the oil layer mechanism are discussed. After calibrating the emission model to a steady-state engine map, the transient results are validated successfully against measurements of various driving cycles based on different calibration strategies of engine operation.

scholarly journals Analytical Approach to the Exergy Destruction and the Simple Expansion Work Potential in the Constant Internal Energy and Volume Combustion Process

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Jeongwoo Song ◽  
Han Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Exergy Destruction ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
System Temperature ◽  
Simple Expansion

The exergy destruction due to the irreversibility of the combustion process has been regarded as one of the key losses of an internal combustion engine. However, there has been little discussion on the direct relationship between the exergy destruction and the work output potential of an engine. In this study, an analytical approach is applied to discuss the relationship between the exergy destruction and efficiency by assuming a simple thermodynamic system simulating an internal combustion engine operation. In this simplified configuration, the exergy destruction during the combustion process is mainly affected by the temperature, which supports well-known facts in the literature. However, regardless of this exergy destruction, the work potential in this simple engine architecture is mainly affected by the pressure during the combustion process. In other words, if these pressure conditions are the same, increasing the system temperature to reduce the exergy destruction does not lead to an increase in the expansion work; rather, it only results in an increase in the remaining exergy after expansion. In a typical internal combustion engine, temperatures before combustion timing must be increased to reduce the exergy destruction, but increasing pressure before combustion timing is a key strategy to increase efficiency.

Advanced Controls for Fuel Consumption and Time-on-Wing Optimization in Commercial Aircraft Engines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Viassolo ◽  
Aditya Kumar ◽  
Brent Brunell
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Transient Operation ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Flight Envelope

This paper introduces an architecture that improves the existing interface between flight control and engine control. The architecture is based on an on-board dynamic engine model, and advanced control and estimation techniques. It utilizes a Tracking Filter (TF) to estimate model parameters and thus allow a nominal model to match any given engine. The TF is combined with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate unmeasured engine states and performance outputs, such as engine thrust and turbine temperatures. These estimated outputs are then used by a Model Predictive Control (MPC), which optimizes engine performance subject to operability constraints. MPC objective and constraints are based on the aircraft operation mode. For steady-state operation, the MPC objective is to minimize fuel consumption. For transient operation, such as idle-to-takeoff, the MPC goal is to track a thrust demand profile, while minimizing turbine temperatures for extended engine time-on-wing. Simulations at different steady-state conditions over the flight envelope show important fuel savings with respect to current control technology. Simulations for a set of usual transient show that the TF/EKF/MPC combination can track a desired transient thrust profile and achieve significant reductions in peak and steady-state turbine gas and metal. These temperature reductions contribute heavily to extend the engine time-on-wing. Results for both steady state and transient operation modes are shown to be robust with respect to engine-engine variability, engine deterioration, and flight envelope operating point conditions. The approach proposed provides a natural framework for optimal accommodation of engine faults through integration with fault detection algorithms followed by update of the engine model and optimization constraints consistent with the fault. This is a potential future work direction.

scholarly journals Burner Design for biogas-fuelled Stirling engine for electric power generation

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
Ardiyansyah Yatim ◽  
Ade Luthfi ◽  
Raden Chemilo
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Stirling Engine ◽  
Lower Fuel Consumption ◽  
Optimum Heat ◽  
Local Farm ◽  
External Combustion

The Stirling engine is an external combustion where the fuel combustion process takes place outside the cylinder, at the combustion chamber or burner. Stirling engine offers flexibility of fuel used for the power generation hence is a potential substitute to fossil fuelled internal combustion engine and contribute toward more sustainable power generation. In this study a burner for Gamma V2-6 Stirling engine is designed and developed for a biogas-fuelled power generation system. The heat used to power the Stirling engine is obtained from combustion of biogas at the burner. The system has 5 kW capacity fuelled by 165 kg/day solid waste (biowaste) from local farm. The bio-digester needed is 20 m3. The combustion temperature of the burner is in the range of 600 to 1000°C. The required fuel input is 60,000BTU/hr or equivalent to 17 kW. The system requires constant heat from the combustion chamber hence a specific burner is designed to fulfil the purpose and accommodate biogas composition and optimum heat transfer to the engine. The burner is able to provide for simultaneous air preheater for lower fuel consumption leading to 37% lower fuel consumption.

Experimental Study on Performance of a Residential Combined Cooling, Heating and Power System Under Varying Building Load

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suxin Qian ◽  
Kyle Gluesenkamp ◽  
Yunho Hwang ◽  
Reinhard Radermacher
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Adsorption Chiller ◽  
Sorption Cooling

Trigeneration systems are closely associated with sorption cooling technology because prime mover waste heat can be recovered to produce cooling. The working pair and cycle type of the sorption cooling system needs to be matched to the waste heat temperature of the prime mover, as well as with the capacity and application of the trigeneration system. A residential trigeneration system with a 4 kWelec internal combustion engine, a 220 gallon (830 L) hot water tank and a 3 kW adsorption chiller powered by 70°C waste heat with separate sensible and latent cooling control strategy is presented in this study. Transient experiments were conducted under 5 day long hot water and space cooling load profiles from a simulated house to evaluate the performance from a practical perspective. The fuel consumption was measured and compared with that of two baseline systems. An analytical criterion was derived and discussed to further evaluate the trigeneration system with different loads under different climates. It was found that the presented residential trigeneration system could save about 30% of fuel consumption compared with conventional off-grid operation mode, but is not more fuel efficient than the conventional on-grid and vapor compression cooling combination.

Parametric Study of Cylinder Deactivation and Valve Deactivation for Unthrottled Operation

2012 ◽  
Vol 614-615 ◽  
pp. 525-528
Author(s):  
Ahmad Solehin Paimon ◽  
Wira Jazair ◽  
Srithar Rajoo
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Parametric Study ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Transient Operation ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Cylinder Deactivation ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Induction Strategy

Cylinder deactivation (CDA) as well as valve deactivation (VDA) technologies provides big potentials to decrease fuel consumption and emission at part load operation for SI engine. In real driving situation, an internal combustion engine operates in transient operation where the load and speed varies continuously. This part load operation leads the engine to have poor fuel consumption and emission due to throttle pumping losses. This paper will investigate the further potential of both induction strategy, cylinder deactivation and valve deactivation in extending the fuel economy at part load.

scholarly journals Indexes of performance of combustion engines in hybrid vehicles during the UDC test

2015 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Wojciech CIEŚLIK ◽  
Ireneusz PIELECHA ◽  
Andrzej SZAŁEK
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
High Voltage Battery ◽  
Drive Systems

An increased interest in hybrid drive systems allowing reduction of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, as well as their partial use as zero–emission vehicles promotes the development of these types of drive systems. The market analysis indicates an increased sale of hybrid drives in vehicles, and this means that actions taken towards of reduction of fuel consumption are still valid. The aim of this article is to indicate the indexes of performance of combustion engines in hybrid vehicles during a part of the type-approval driving test. The article analyses Toyota hybrid vehicles with particular attention paid to the parameters of the hybrid drive system and the influence of the charge level of battery on the share of the combustion engine operation in the total time of the vehicle operation. The analysis was carried out for vehicles equipped with the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive system working with different types of high voltage battery.

scholarly journals Creating a Virtual Test Bed Using a Dynamic Engine Model with Integrated Controls to Support in-the-Loop Hardware and Software Optimization and Calibration

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mirzaeian ◽  
Simon Langridge
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Engine Model

In the current study, a 0D/1D engine model built in the commercial code GT-Suite was coupled with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) model created in the Simulink environment, aiming to more accurately predict the interaction of the engine and aftertreatment system (ATS) operating parameters, both during steady-state and transient maneuvers. After a detailed validation based on extensive experimental data from a heavy-duty commercial diesel Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), the engine model was fine-tuned and the 0D predictive diesel combustion model, DIPulse, was calibrated to best predict the combustion process, including engine-out NOx emissions. For correct prediction of the engine’s behavior in transient operations, the complete control strategy of the air path, including boost, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), main and pilot Start of Injection (SOI), injection pressure, and exhaust flap, was implemented in the Simulink environment. To demonstrate the predictive capability of the model, a hot World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) was simulated, obtaining good agreement with the experimental data both in terms of emissions and performance parameters, confirming the reliability of the proposed approach. Finally, a case study on possible fuel consumption improvement through thermal insulation of the exhaust manifold, exhaust ports, and turbocharger was carried out.

Analysis of experimental results with an active pre-chamber ultra-lean burn SI engine

2020 ◽  
pp. 146808742097454
Author(s):  
Christoph Müller ◽  
Stefan Pischinger ◽  
Sascha Tews ◽  
Andreas Müller ◽  
Knut Habermann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Hybrid Powertrain ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Gasoline Engines

To ensure that private cars can continue to be used in the future, they must become significantly more efficient and at the same time emit considerably less pollutants. In addition to pure electric drives, further optimized gasoline engines in hybrid powertrain configurations still offer major potentials in this respect. A major step toward increasing efficiency can be achieved by extremely lean burn combustion. If, in addition to low fuel consumption, this operation should also simultaneously reduce NOx raw emissions, lean-burn operation with relative air/fuel ratios of λ≥ 2 must be enabled in wide ranges of the engine operation map. Within the scope of this publication, results of experimental investigations with a lean burn pre-chamber ignition system applied to a small gasoline engine with 75 mm bore and 90.5 mm stroke are presented. In this context, the effects of the pre-chamber design on emissions and fuel consumption are examined. By comparing different pre-chamber enrichments with natural gas and conventional RON98 gasoline, it can be shown that with the direct liquid injection of gasoline into the pre-chamber similar good thermodynamic results as with natural gas can be achieved with the advantage of easier integration of a single fuel system. Due to its significantly improved lean burn capability with relative air/fuel rations of up to λ = 3, combined with low specific indicated NOx raw emissions of less than 0.1 g/kWh, the presented lean-burn combustion system offers excellent conditions for further efficiency improvements of electrified powertrains. WLTP cycle simulations based on measured engine maps for the developed combustion process resulted in a fuel consumption reduction of up to 10%. At the same time, NOx raw emissions below the Euro 6d limit of 60 mg/km can be achieved.

scholarly journals Modern Approaches For Modeling Of Structure-Borne Noise Of The Internal Combustion Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (07) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Andrey L. Yakovenko ◽  
Mikhail G. Shatrov ◽  
Andrey O. Glazkov ◽  
Sergey M. Kuznetsov ◽  
Igor V. Alekseev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transient Operation ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Unsteady Operation ◽  
Modern Technologies

The article considers the structure of acoustic radiation of an internal combustion engine and modern technologies for noise research. Models of the internal combustion engine as a source of noise and methods for modeling the design and calculating the structure-borne noise of the engine at different stages of its design are described. The method of the engine structure-borne noise calculating for unsteady operation mode is presented. Differences in the working process of the engine for the transient operation mode are shown. Some results of calculations of diesel engine structure-borne noise for different operation modes using MADI methods and using the AVL EXCITE software are presented

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